• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

If other people are going to be using your model, be sure to explain the assumptions you made in building the model, especially if the person who is going to be using your model is not an experienced modeler. Users tend to put blind faith in the outcome of the model, which can be dangerous. Instead of taking the model results as gospel, the user should simply use them as a guide.

Models are only a construct that reflects reality; they are not reality. You can make this clear to users of the model by using language such as “Based on our forecasts … ” or “Assuming trends continue….”

In the example of the decision analysis model for the bus company case study (see the section “Identifying the Problem That Your Financial Model Needs to Solve,” earlier in this chapter), the builder of this model might say, “We’re going to lose half of our profit over the next 12 months,” which is not incorrect, but it would be more accurate to say, “Based on current forecasts, we’re going to lose half of our profit over the next 12 months unless we take action” and then show the inputs and assumptions used. For example, the modeler is assuming the following:
3) Five hundred tickets will be sold in the first month of operation.
3) Ticket sales will increase by $1.5$ percent per month after the first month.

) There is no cannibalization between the routes. Often, when launching a new product, some existing customers switch to the new product. Because the new route is servicing a new area, the modeler doesn’t expect any cannibalization and hasn’t included it in this model.

When designing the layout of a model, most experienced modelers follow these rules:

Separate inputs, calculations, and results, where possible. Clearly label which sections of the model contain inputs, calculations, and results. You can put them on separate worksheets or separate places on one worksheet, but make sure that the user knows exactly what each section is for. Color coding can help with ensuring that each section is clearly defined.
) Use each column for the same purpose. This is particularly important when building models involving time series. For example, in a time-series model, knowing that labels are in column B, unit data in column C, constant values in column $D$, and calculations in column $E$, makes it much easier when editing a formula manually.
) Use one formula per row or column. This forms the basis of the bestpractice principle whereby formulas are kept consistent using absolute, relative, and mixed referencing, as described in greater detail in Chapter 4 . Keep formulas consistent when in a block of data, and never change a formula halfway through.
Refer to the left and above. The model should read logically, like a book, meaning that it should be read from left to right and top to bottom. Calculations, inputs, and outputs should flow logically to avoid circular referencing. Be aware that there are times when left-to-right or top-to-bottom data flow can conflict somewhat with ease of use and presentation, so use common sense when designing the layout. By following this practice, you can

avoid having calculations link all over the sheet, which makes it harder to check and update. Excel will also calculate more quickly if you build formulas in this way because it calculates left to right, and top to bottom, so not only does it make your model easier to follow, it will calculate more efficiently.
3) Use multiple worksheets. Avoid the temptation to put everything on one sheet. Especially when blocks of calculations are the same, use separate sheets for those that must be repeated to avoid the need to scroll across the screen.

) Include documentation sheets. A documentation sheet where assumptions and source data are clearly laid out is a critical part of any financial model. A cover sheet should not be confused with an assumptions sheet. A model can never have too much documentation!

## 商科代写|商业建模代写Business Modeling代考|Defining inputs, calculations, and output blocks

Typically, modelers work from back to front when building their models. The output, or the part they want the viewer or user to see, is at the front, calculations are in the middle, and source data and assumptions are at the back. Like the executive summary, a board paper, or another report, the first few pages should contain what casual viewers need to see at a glance. If they need further information, they can dig deeper into the model.

Here are some guidelines of what might be included on each tab in your model:
\$Cover sheet: Although not always included, the cover sheet contains many details about the model. Of course, the cover sheet is not much use unless you keep it up to date. If you decide to include a cover sheet, you may add details such as the following: • A log of changes and updates to the model with date, author, change details, and their impact on the output of the model, which can help with version control • The purpose of the model and how it is intended to be used going forward • Who originally wrote the model and who to contact with questions • Table of contents • Instructions on how to use the model • Disclaimers as to the limitations of the model, legal liability, and caveats • Global or key assumptions integral to the use of the model ## 商业建模代考 ## 商科代写|商业建模代写Business Modeling代考|Documenting the Limitations of Your Model 如果其他人将使用您的模型，请务必解释您在构建模型时所做的假设，特别是如果将使用您的模型的人不是经验丰富的建模者。用户倾向于盲目相信模型的结果，这可能很危险。用户不应将模型结果视为福音，而应简单地将它们用作指南。 模型只是反映现实的结构；它们不是现实。您可以使用诸如“基于我们的预测……”或“假设趋势继续……”之类的语言向模型的用户说明这一点。 在公交公司案例研究的决策分析模型示例中（参见本章前面的“确定您的财务模型需要解决的问题”部分），该模型的构建者可能会说：“我们要在接下来的 12 个月内损失一半的利润，”这并没有错，但更准确的说法是，“根据目前的预测，我们将在未来 12 个月内损失一半的利润，除非我们采取行动”，然后展示所使用的输入和假设。例如，建模者假设如下： 3) 运营的第一个月将售出 500 张门票。 3) 门票销售量将增加1.5第一个月后每月的百分比。 ) 路线之间没有蚕食。通常，在推出新产品时，一些现有客户会转向新产品。因为新路线服务于一个新区域，所以建模者预计不会发生任何自相残杀，也没有将其包含在此模型中。 ## 商科代写|商业建模代写Business Modeling代考|Structuring your model: What goes where 在设计模型的布局时，大多数有经验的建模师都遵循以下规则： 尽可能分开输入、计算和结果。清楚地标注模型的哪些部分包含输入、计算和结果。您可以将它们放在单独的工作表上或一个工作表上的不同位置，但要确保用户确切知道每个部分的用途。颜色编码有助于确保明确定义每个部分。 ) 将每一列用于相同的目的。这在构建涉及时间序列的模型时尤其重要。例如，在时间序列模型中，知道标签在 B 列，单位数据在 C 列，常数值在列D, 和列中的计算和, 使手动编辑公式时变得更加容易。 ) 每行或每列使用一个公式。这构成了最佳实践原则的基础，即使用绝对、相对和混合引用来保持公式的一致性，如第 4 章中更详细描述的那样。在数据块中保持公式一致，切勿在中途更改公式。 请参阅左侧和上方。模型应该像书一样在逻辑上阅读，这意味着应该从左到右，从上到下阅读。计算、输入和输出应按逻辑进行，以避免循环引用。请注意，有时从左到右或从上到下的数据流可能会与易用性和演示有些冲突，因此在设计布局时请使用常识。按照这个练习，你可以 避免在整个工作表上都有计算链接，这使得检查和更新变得更加困难。如果您以这种方式构建公式，Excel 的计算速度也会更快，因为它从左到右、从上到下进行计算，因此它不仅使您的模型更易于遵循，而且计算效率更高。 3) 使用多个工作表。避免将所有内容都放在一张纸上的诱惑。特别是当计算块相同时，对于必须重复的计算块使用单独的表格以避免需要在屏幕上滚动。 ) 包括文档表。明确列出假设和源数据的文档表是任何财务模型的关键部分。不应将封面与假设表混淆。一个模型永远不会有太多的文档！ ## 商科代写|商业建模代写Business Modeling代考|Defining inputs, calculations, and output blocks 通常，建模人员在构建模型时从后向前工作。输出或他们希望查看者或用户看到的部分在前面，计算在中间，源数据和假设在后面。就像执行摘要、董事会文件或其他报告一样，前几页应该包含普通观众需要一目了然的内容。如果他们需要更多信息，他们可以更深入地研究模型。 以下是关于模型中每个选项卡上可能包含的内容的一些指南：$封面：虽然不总是包括在内，但封面包含有关模型的许多详细信息。当然，除非您保持最新状态，否则封面并没有多大用处。如果您决定包含封面，您可以添加以下详细信息：

• 模型的更改和更新日志，包括日期、作者、更改详细信息及其对模型输出的影响，有助于进行版本控制
• 模型的目的以及未来的使用方式
• 谁最初编写了模型以及与谁联系以提出问题
• 目录
• 模型使用说明
• 关于模型限制、法律责任和警告的免责声明
• 使用模型不可或缺的全局或关键假设

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。