### 数学代写|数学生态学作业代写Mathematical Ecology代考| Modeling of Technological Change

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• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础
• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 数学代写|数学生态学作业代写Mathematical Ecology代考|Major Concepts of Technological Change

In mathematical economics, technological change (technical change, technical progress) refers to a combination of all effects that lead to an increasing production output without increasing the amounts of used productive inputs (capital, labor, resources). Such a concept of technological change includes the acquisition of new superior technologies as well as a progress in production management methods.
Major types of technological change include the following:

• Exogenous technological change is introduced into an economic system from outside.
• Endogenous technological change is a consequence of focused economic activities, such as research and development (R\&D) efforts of profit-maximizing firms and governmental policies.
• Embodied (investment-specific) technological change is introduced into the economic system with more efficient capital or better qualified labor.
• Autonomous (disembodied) technological change impacts the entire production process evenly.
• Output-augmenting technological change increases the labor productivity.
• Resource-saving technological change increases the efficiency of converting resources into useful work.
• Induced technological change is a result of previous economic development and is caused by other economic processes or regulations.
• Technological change as a separate sector of economy, whose product is the technological change.

Different categories from this classification use various modeling tools and lead to different conclusions because of different understanding of sources, causes, and effects of the technological change $[4,6,9,10]$.

## 数学代写|数学生态学作业代写Mathematical Ecology代考|Embodied and Disembodied Technological Change

The embodied (also known as investment-specific) technological change focuses on relations between the dynamics of technological change and capital investments. It takes into account the heterogeneity of capital assets (vintages) under improving technology and assumes that the technological change is introduced into an economic system with more efficient capital or better qualified labor.

In economic reality, both autonomous and embodied changes are presented simultaneously. The autonomous technological change is also referred to as the disembodied technological change to emphasize the fact that it affects all capital vintages and workers in the same way. It describes a progress in management techniques and methods, e.g., installing new enterprise-wide software. More than half $(52 \%)$ of the growth of the US economy during the post-war time was due to the embodied technological change, so the rest can be attributed to the disembodied change.

The models of economic growth under embodied technological change are known as the vintage capital models. Vintage capital models provide a united description of separate processes of investing in new efficient capital and scrapping (disinvestment) of the capital vintages with low efficiency. In many vintage models, the improving efficiency of capital vintages is given as a function of time. So the embodied technological change can be exogenous, where the source of technological change is still unclear. The vintage capital models are explored in Chaps. 4 and $5 .$

## 数学代写|数学生态学作业代写Mathematical Ecology代考|Endogenous Technological Change

Models of endogenous technological change were introduced to explain the driving forces behind technological change.

The majority of technological improvements results from research and development $(R \& D)$ activities carried out and financed by government and/or private firms. The concept of endogenous technological change attempts to explain economic reasons and sources of technological change. Corresponding economic models describe technological innovations as determined by economic actors and suggest economic reasons for firms to innovate, specific mechanisms and directions of inventive activity, drivers of incremental improvements that occur during technology diffusion, and so on. These mechanisms are endogenous with respect to economic activities and, thus, are determined inside the model. Some classic models of endogenous technological change are explored in Sect. 3.4.
Induced Technological Change
An early concept of the endogenous technological change is known as the induced technological change that links technological change to previous economic development. It was the result of incorporating technological change into the

neoclassical growth framework. The description of induced technological change was based on various hypotheses about relations between the technological change intensity and other aggregated economic characteristics, see Sect. 3.4.1. However, the early hypotheses of induced technological change could not explain the need of purpose-directed investments into science and technology.

In modern economics, the induced technological change commonly refers to additional technological improvements caused by other economic processes or governmental regulations, for instance by more restrictive environmental policies.

## 数学代写|数学生态学作业代写Mathematical Ecology代考|Major Concepts of Technological Change

• 外生技术变革是从外部引入经济系统的。
• 内生技术变革是集中经济活动的结果，例如利润最大化企业的研发（R\&D）努力和政府政策。
• 体现的（特定于投资的）技术变革以更有效的资本或更合格的劳动力被引入经济体系。
• 自主（非实体）技术变革均匀地影响整个生产过程。
• 增加产出的技术变革提高了劳动生产率。
• 资源节约型技术变革提高了将资源转化为有用工作的效率。
• 诱发的技术变革是先前经济发展的结果，是由其他经济过程或法规引起的。
• 技术变革作为一个单独的经济部门，其产品就是技术变革。

## 有限元方法代写

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## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。