### 数学代写|黎曼几何代写Riemannian geometry代考|MATH3903

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写黎曼几何Riemannian geometry方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写黎曼几何Riemannian geometry代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写黎曼几何Riemannian geometry相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 数学代写|黎曼几何代写Riemannian geometry代考|Model Spaces of Constant Curvature

In this section we briefly discuss surfaces embedded in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ (with Euclidean or Minkowski inner product) that have constant Gaussian curvature and play the role of model spaces. For each model space we are interested in describing the geodesics and, more generally, the curves of constant geodesic curvature. These results will be useful in the study of sub-Riemannian model spaces in dimension 3 (see Chapter 7 ).

Assume that the surface $M$ has constant Gaussian curvature $\kappa \in \mathbb{R}$. We already know that $\kappa$ is a metric invariant of the surface, i.e., it does not depend on the embedding of the surface in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$. We will distinguish the following three cases:
(i) $\kappa=0$ : this is the flat model, corresponding to the Euclidean plane,
(ii) $\kappa>0$ : this corresponds to the sphere,
(iii) $\kappa<0$ : this corresponds to the hyperbolic plane.
We will briefly discuss case (i), since it is trivial, and study in more detail cases
(ii) and (iii), of spherical and hyperbolic geometry respectively.

## 数学代写|黎曼几何代写Riemannian geometry代考|Zero Curvature: The Euclidean Plane

The Euclidean plane can be realizéd as the surface of $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ defined by the zero level set of the function
$$a: \mathbb{R}^{3} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}, \quad a(x, y, z)=z$$
It is an easy exercise, applying the results of the previous sections, to show that the Gaussian curvature of this surface is zero (the Gauss map is constant) and to characterize geodesics and curves with constant geodesic curvature.

Exercise 1.59 Prove that geodesics on the Euclidean plane are lines. Moreover, show that curves with constant geodesic curvature $c \neq 0$ are circles of radius $1 / c$.

## 数学代写|黎曼几何代写Riemannian geometry代考|Positive Curvature: The Sphere

Let us consider the sphere $S_{r}^{2}$ of radius $r$ as the surface of $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ defined as the zero level set of the function
$$S_{r}^{2}=a^{-1}(0), \quad a(x, y, z)=x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}-r^{2} .$$
If we denote, as usual, by $\langle\cdot \mid \cdot\rangle$ the Euclidean inner product in $\mathbb{R}^{3}, S_{r}^{2}$ can be viewed also as the set of points $q=(x, y, z)$ whose Euclidean norm is constant:
$$S_{r}^{2}=\left{q \in \mathbb{R}^{3} \mid\langle q \mid q\rangle=r^{2}\right} .$$
The Gauss map associated with this surface can be easily computed, and it is explicitly given by
$$\mathcal{N}: S_{r}^{2} \rightarrow S^{2}, \quad \mathcal{N}(q)=\frac{1}{r} q$$
It follows immediately from (1.75) that the Gaussian curvature of the sphere is $\kappa=1 / r^{2}$ at every point $q \in S_{r}^{2}$. Let us now recover the structure of geodesics and curves with constant geodesic curvature on the sphere.

Proposition $1.60$ Let $\gamma:[0, T] \rightarrow S_{r}^{2}$ be a curve with unit speed and constant geodesic curvature equal to $c \in \mathbb{R}$. Then, for every $w \in \mathbb{R}^{3}$, the function $\alpha(t)=\langle\dot{\gamma}(t) \mid w\rangle$ is a solution of the differential equation
$$\ddot{\alpha}(t)+\left(c^{2}+\frac{1}{r^{2}}\right) \alpha(t)=0 .$$
Proof Differentiating twice the equality $a(\gamma(t))=0$, where $a$ is the function defined in (1.74), we get (in matrix notation):
$$\dot{\gamma}(t)^{T}\left(\nabla_{\gamma(t)}^{2} a\right) \dot{\gamma}(t)+\ddot{\gamma}(t)^{T} \nabla_{\gamma(t)} a=0 .$$
Moreover, since $|\dot{\gamma}(t)|$ is constant and $\gamma$ has constant geodesic curvature equal to $c$, there exists a function $b(t)$ such that
$$\ddot{\gamma}(t)=b(t) \nabla_{\gamma(t)} a+c \eta(t),$$
where $c$ is the gcodesic curvature of the curve and $\eta(t)=\dot{\gamma}(t)^{\perp}$ is the vector orthogonal to $\dot{\gamma}(t)$ in $T_{\gamma(t)} S_{r}^{2}$ (defined in such a way that $\dot{\gamma}(t)$ and $\eta(t)$ form a positively oriented frame). Reasoning as in the proof of Proposition $1.8$ and noticing that $\nabla_{\gamma(t)} a$ is proportional to the vector $\gamma(t)$, one can compute $b(t)$ and obtain that $\gamma$ satisfies the differential equation
$$\ddot{\gamma}(t)=-\frac{1}{r^{2}} \gamma(t)+c \eta(t) .$$

## 数学代写|黎曼几何代写Riemannian geometry代考|Model Spaces of Constant Curvature

（i）ķ=0：这是平面模型，对应于欧几里得平面，
(ii)ķ>0：这对应于球体，
（iii）ķ<0：这对应于双曲平面。

（ii）和（iii）。

## 数学代写|黎曼几何代写Riemannian geometry代考|Positive Curvature: The Sphere

S_{r}^{2}=\left{q \in \mathbb{R}^{3} \mid\langle q \mid q\rangle=r^{2}\right} 。S_{r}^{2}=\left{q \in \mathbb{R}^{3} \mid\langle q \mid q\rangle=r^{2}\right} 。

ñ:小号r2→小号2,ñ(q)=1rq

C˙(吨)吨(∇C(吨)2一个)C˙(吨)+C¨(吨)吨∇C(吨)一个=0.

C¨(吨)=b(吨)∇C(吨)一个+C这(吨),

C¨(吨)=−1r2C(吨)+C这(吨).

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。