### 数学代写|matlab代写|Introduction of Probability Theory

matlab是一个编程和数值计算平台，被数百万工程师和科学家用来分析数据、开发算法和创建模型。

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写matlab方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写matlab代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写matlab相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 数学代写|matlab代写|Beginnings of Probability Theory

Beginnings of Probability Theory. Probabilities represent the state of knowledge about physical phenomena by providing something more useful than “I don’t know” to questions involving uncertainty. One of the mysteries in the history of science is why it took so long for mathematicians to formalize a subject of such practical importance. The Romans were selling insurance and annuities long before expectancy and risk were concepts of serious mathematical interest. Much later, the Italians were issuing insurance policies against business risks in the early Renaissance, and the first known attempts at a theory of probabilities-for games of chance-occurred in that period. The Italian Girolamo Cardano ${ }^{5}$ (1501-1576) performed an accurate analysis of probabilities for games involving dice. He assumed that successive tosses of the dice were statistically independent events. He and the contemporary Indian writer Brahmagupta stated without proof that the accuracies of empirical statistics tend to improve with the number of trials. This would later be formalized as a law of large numbers.

More general treatments of probabilities were developed by Blaise Pascal (16231662), Pierre de Fermat (1601-1655), and Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695). Fermat’s work on combinations was taken up by Jakob (or James) Bernoulli (1654-1705), who is considered by some historians to be the founder of probability theory. He gave the first rigorous proof of the law of large numbers for repeated independent trials (now called Bernoulli trials). Thomas Bayes (1702-1761) derived his famous rule for statistical inference sometime after Bernoulli. Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754), Pierre Simon Marquis de Laplace (1749-1827), Adrien Marie Legendre (1752-1833), and Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) continued this development into the nineteenth century.

Between the early nineteenth century and the mid-twentieth century, the probabilities themselves began to take on more meaning as physically significant attributes. The idea that the laws of nature embrace random phenomena, and that these are treatable by probabilistic models began to emerge in the nineteenth century. The development and application of probabilistic models for the physical world expanded rapidly in that period. It even became an important part of sociology. The work of James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) in statistical mechanics established the probabilistic treatment of natural phenomena as a scientific (and successful) discipline.

An important figure in probability theory and the theory of random processes in the twentieth century was the Russian academician Andrei Nikolaeovich Kolmogorov (1903-1987). Starting around 1925, working with H. Ya. Khinchin and others, he reestablished the foundations of probability theory on measurement theory, which became the accepted mathematical basis of probability and random processes. Along with Norbert Wiener (1894-1964), he is credited with founding much of the theory of prediction, smoothing and filtering of Markov processes, and the general theory of ergodic processes. His was the first formal theory of optimal estimation for systems involving random processes.

## 数学代写|matlab代写|Wiener Filter

Norbert Wiener $(1894-1964)$ is one of the more famous prodigies of the early twentieth century. He was taught by his father until the age of 9 , when he entered high school. He finished high school at the age of 11 and completed his undergraduate degree in mathematics in three years at Tufts University. He then entered graduate school at Harvard University at the age of 14 and completed his doctorate degree in the philosophy of mathematics when he was 18 . He studied abroad and tried his hand at several jobs for six more years. Then, in 1919 , he obtained a teaching appointment at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He remained on the faculty at MIT for the rest of his life.

In the popular scientific press, Wiener is probably more famous for naming and promoting cybernetics than for developing the Wiener filter. Some of his greatest mathematical achievements were in generalized harmonic analysis, in which he extended the Fourier transform to functions of finite power. Previous results were restricted to functions of finite energy, which is an unreasonable constraint for signals on the real line. Another of his many achievements involving the generalized Fourier transform was proving that the transform of white noise is also white noise. ${ }^{6}$

## 数学代写|matlab代写|Kalman Filter

Rudolf Emil Kalman was born on May 19,1930 , in Budapest, the son of Otto and Ursula Kalman. The family emigrated from Hungary to the United States during World War II. In 1943, when the war in the Mediterranean was essentially over, they traveled through Turkey and Africa on an exodus that eventually brought them to Youngstown, Ohio, in 1944 . Rudolf attended Youngstown College there for three years before entering MIT.

Kalman received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in electrical engineering at MIT in 1953 and 1954 , respectively. His graduate advisor was Ernst Adolph Guillemin, and his thesis topic was the behavior of solutions of second-order difference equations [114]. When he undertook the investigation, it was suspected that second-order difference equations might be modeled by something analogous to the describing functions used for second-order differential equations. Kalman discovered that their solutions were not at all like the solutions of differential equations. In fact, they were found to exhibit chaotic behavior.

In the fall of 1955 , after a year building a large analog control system for the E. I. DuPont Company, Kalman obtained an appointment as lecturer and graduate student at Columbia University. At that time, Columbia was well known for the work in control theory by John R. Ragazzini, Lotfi A. Zadeh, ${ }^{7}$ and others. Kalman taught at Columbia until he completed the Doctor of Science degree there in $1957 .$

For the next year, Kalman worked at the research laboratory of the International Business Machines Corporation in Poughkeepsie and for six years after that at the research center of the Glenn L. Martin company in Baltimore, the Research Institute for Advanced Studies (RIAS).

## 数学代写|matlab代写|Beginnings of Probability Theory

Blaise Pascal (16231662)、Pierre de Fermat (1601-1655) 和 Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) 开发了更一般的概率处理方法。费马关于组合的工​​作被雅各布（或詹姆斯）伯努利（1654-1705）接手，他被一些历史学家认为是概率论的创始人。他为重复独立试验（现在称为伯努利试验）给出了大数定律的第一个严格证明。托马斯·贝叶斯（Thomas Bayes，1702-1761）在伯努利之后的某个时间得出了他著名的统计推断规则。Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754)、Pierre Simon Marquis de Laplace (1749-1827)、Adrien Marie Legendre (1752-1833) 和 Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) 将这一发展延续到了 19 世纪。

## 数学代写|matlab代写|Kalman Filter

1955 年秋天，在为 EI DuPont 公司构建了一个大型模拟控制系统一年后，Kalman 获得了哥伦比亚大学讲师和研究生的任命。当时，哥伦比亚因 John R. Ragazzini、Lotfi A. Zadeh 在控制理论方面的工作而闻名，7和别的。卡尔曼在哥伦比亚大学任教，直到他在那里完成了理学博士学位1957.

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。