### 经济代写|宏观经济学代写Macroeconomics代考|A Parable for the Modern Economy

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写宏观经济学Macroeconomics方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写宏观经济学Macroeconomics代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写宏观经济学Macroeconomics相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

After several years of eating combination B, Ruby gets an idea and visits Frank:
RUBY: Frank, my friend, have I got a deal for you! I know how to improve life for both of us. I think you should stop producing meat altogether and devote all your time to growing potatoes. According to my calculations, if you work 8 hours a day growing potatoes, you’ll produce 32 ounces of potatoes. You can then give me 15 of those 32 ounces, and I’ll give you 5 ounces of meat in return. In the end, you’ll get to eat 17 ounces of potatoes and 5 ounces of meat every day, instead of the 16 ounces of potatoes and 4 ounces of meat you now get. With my plan, you’ll have more of both foods. [To illustrate her point, Ruby shows Frank panel (a) of Figure 2.]
FRANK: (sounding skeptical): That seems like a good deal for me. But I don’t understand why you are offering it. If the deal is so good for me, it can’t be good for you too.
RUBY: Oh, but it is! Suppose I spend 6 hours a day raising cattle and 2 hours growing potatoes. Then I can produce 18 ounces of meat and 12 ounces of potatoes. After I give you 5 ounces of my meat in

exchange for 15 ounces of your potatoes, I’ll end up with 13 ounces of meat and 27 ounces of potatoes, instead of the 12 ounces of meat and 24 ounces of potatoes that I now get. So I will also consume more of both foods than I do now. [She points out panel (b) of Figure 2.]
RANK: I don’t know. … This sounds too good to be true.
RUBY: It’s really not as complicated as it seems. Here-I’ve summarized my proposal for you in a simple table. [Ruby shows Frank a copy of the table at the bottom of Figure 2.]
RANK: (after pausing to study the table): These calculations seem correct, but I am puzzled. How can this deal make us both better off?

## 经济代写|宏观经济学代写Macroeconomics代考|Opportunity Cost and Comparative Advantage

There is another way to look at the cost of producing potatoes. Rather than comparing inputs required, we can compare opportunity costs. Recall from Chapter 1 that the opportunity cost of some item is what we give up to get that item. In our

example, we assumed that Frank and Ruby each spend 8 hours a day working. Time spent producing potatoes takes away from time available for producing meat. When reallocating time between the two goods, Ruby and Frank give up units of one good to produce units of the other, thereby moving along the production possibilities frontier. The opportunity cost measures the trade-off between the two goods that each producer faces.

Let’s first consider Ruby’s opportunity cost. According to the table in panel (a) of Figure 1, producing 1 ounce of potatoes takes 10 minutes of work. When Ruby spends those 10 minutes producing potatoes, she spends 10 fewer minutes producing meat. Because Ruby needs 20 minutes to produce 1 ounce of meat, 10 minutes of work would yield $1 / 2$ ounce of meat. Hence, Ruby’s opportunity cost of producing 1 ounce of potatoes is $1 / 2$ ounce of meat.

Now consider Frank’s opportunity cost. Producing 1 ounce of potatoes takes him 15 minutes. Because he needs 60 minutes to produce 1 ounce of meat, 15 minutes of work would yield $1 / 4$ ounce of meat. Hence, Frank’s opportunity cost of producing 1 ounce of potatoes is $1 / 4$ ounce of meat.

Table 1 shows the opportunity costs of meat and potatoes for the two producers. Notice that the opportunity cost of meat is the inverse of the opportunity cost of potatoes. Because 1 ounce of potatoes costs Ruby $1 / 2$ ounce of meat, 1 ounce of meat costs her 2 ounces of potatoes. Similarly, because 1 ounce of potatoes costs Frank $1 / 4$ ounce of meat, 1 ounce of meat costs him 4 ounces of potatoes.

Economists use the term comparative advantage when describing the opportunity costs faced by two producers. The producer who gives up less of other goods to produce Good X has the smaller opportunity cost of producing Good $X$ and is said to have a comparative advantage in producing it. In our example, Frank has a lower opportunity cost of producing potatoes than Ruby: An ounce of potatoes costs Frank only $1 / 4$ ounce of meat, but it costs Ruby $1 / 2$ ounce of meat. Conversely, Ruby has a lower opportunity cost of producing meat than Frank: An ounce of meat costs Ruby 2 ounces of potatoes, but it costs Frank 4 ounces of potatoes. Thus, Frank has a comparative advantage in growing potatoes, and Ruby has a comparative advantage in producing meat.

Although it is possible for one person to have an absolute advantage in both goods (as Ruby does in our example), it is impossible for one person to have a comparative advantage in both goods. Because the opportunity cost of one good is the inverse of the opportunity cost of the other, if a person’s opportunity cost of one good is relatively high, the opportunity cost of the other good must be relatively low. Comparative advantage reflects the relative opportunity cost. Unless two people have the same opportunity cost, one person will have a comparative advantage in one good, and the other person will have a comparative advantage in the other good.

The gains from specialization and trade are based not on absolute advantage but on comparative advantage. When each person specializes in producing the good in which he or she has a comparative advantage, total production in the economy rises. This increase in the size of the economic pie can be used to make everyone better off.
In our example, Frank spends more time growing potatoes, and Ruby spends more time producing meat. As a result, the total production of potatoes rises from 40 to 44 ounces, and the total production of meat rises from 16 to 18 ounces. Frank and Ruby share the benefits of this increased production.

We can also view the gains from trade in terms of the price that each party pays the other. Because Frank and Ruby have different opportunity costs, they can both get a bargain. That is, each of them benefits from trade by obtaining a good at a price that is lower than his or her opportunity cost of that good.

Consider the proposed deal from Frank’s viewpoint. Frank receives 5 ounces of meat in exchange for 15 ounces of potatoes. In other words, Frank buys each ounce of meat for a price of 3 ounces of potatoes. This price of meat is lower than his opportunity cost of an ounce of meat, which is 4 ounces of potatoes. Frank benefits from the deal because he gets to buy meat at a good price.

Now consider the deal from Ruby’s viewpoint. Ruby gets 15 ounces of potatoes in exchange for 5 ounces of meat. That is, the price of an ounce of potatoes is $1 / 3$ ounce of meat. This price of potatoes is lower than her opportunity cost of an ounce of potatoes, which is $1 / 2$ ounce of meat. Ruby benefits because she gets to buy potatoes at a good price.

The story of Ruby the rancher and Frank the farmer has a simple moral, which should now be clear: Trade can benefit everyone in society because it allows people to specialize in the activities in which they have a comparative advantage.

## 宏观经济学代考

RUBY：Frank，我的朋友，我有没有给你做个交易！我知道如何改善我们俩的生活。我认为你应该完全停止生产肉类，把所有的时间都花在种土豆上。根据我的计算，如果你每天工作 8 小时种植土豆，你将生产 32 盎司土豆。然后你可以给我这 32 盎司中的 15 盎司，我会给你 5 盎司肉作为回报。最后，你每天可以吃 17 盎司土豆和 5 盎司肉，而不是现在的 16 盎司土豆和 4 盎司肉。有了我的计划，这两种食物你都会吃得更多。[为了说明她的观点，Ruby 展示了图 2 的 Frank 面板 (a)。]

RANK：我不知道。……这听起来好得令人难以置信。
RUBY：这真的没有看起来那么复杂。在这里，我已经在一个简单的表格中为您总结了我的建议。[Ruby 向 Frank 展示了图 2 底部的表格副本。]
RANK：（停下来研究表格之后）：这些计算似乎正确，但我很困惑。这笔交易如何让我们俩都过得更好？

## 有限元方法代写

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## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。