经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|MONEY, INFLATION

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宏观经济学是经济学的一个分支,涉及整个经济或总体经济的结构、绩效、行为和决策。宏观经济研究的两个主要领域是长期经济增长和短期商业周期。

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写宏观经济学Macroeconomics方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写宏观经济学Macroeconomics代写方面经验极为丰富,各种代写宏观经济学Macroeconomics相关的作业也就用不着说。

我们提供的宏观经济学Macroeconomics及其相关学科的代写,服务范围广, 其中包括但不限于:

  • Statistical Inference 统计推断
  • Statistical Computing 统计计算
  • Advanced Probability Theory 高等楖率论
  • Advanced Mathematical Statistics 高等数理统计学
  • (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
  • Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
  • Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
  • Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础
RIETI - Japan is cursed by Gresham's Law: Let Darwin's Law rule
经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|MONEY, INFLATION

经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|THE EXCHANGE RATE

Four hundred years ago, Spain’s Francisco de Quevedo wrote, “Over kings and priests and scholars, rules the mighty Lord of Money,” which still seems to be true today. Money gives purchasing power over resources, and its rate of expansion (the rate at which it grows) is closely related to inflation.

In this chapter, we analyze how monetary authorities regulate the circulation of money and the relationship between money and economic activity. Additionally, two closely related issues are studied: price determination and the role of the exchange rate, after which we can understand what sometimes motivates governments to abandon the use of one currency in favor of another-the French franc for the euro, or the Ecuadoran sucre for the dollar. The study of these topics will also help us understand the reasons for the current discussion of the role of the dollar as

the world’s reserve currency and the competition it faces from the euro, the yuan, the yen, the pound, and other currencies.

How the exchange rate should be managed is a matter that is permanently discussed by economic authorities across the world. At the turn of the twenty-first century, however, the discussion became ever more heated as a result of the accelerated globalization process, substantial growth volume, and the deepening of financial relations.

经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|Money

Money serves as a means of exchange for goods and services, thereby eliminating the need for barter, and as an accounting unit. Money also serves as a unit of account because all goods can be expressed in monetary terms; thus only a single price for each good is required for transactions to occur.

Therefore, prices are the rate at which money is exchanged for goods. Money also serves in certain circumstances as means to store value: the bills and coins that someone carries in her pocket today will probably have the same value a week later, in terms of their ability to acquire goods. As a store of value, money has some advantages over other assets, such as being the most liquid of all; also, its nominal value in the future is not subject to

uncertainty (as is often the case with different financial instruments such as futures and derivatives). However, as we shall see below, inflation deteriorates the value of money as a store of wealth.

Money is crucial for the development of commercial and financial transactions in any modern economy. Without money, operations would have to be done through barter. Although it may sound like something of the past, barter is still used in some situations. For example, in early 2002 Argentina was in a deep crisis and lacked means of payment as a result of the “corralito,” a measure that prevented checking account and deposit holders from withdrawing funds from banks. Under these circumstances, in places like small public markets, barter was used to carry out smaller economic transactions. Another example is Zimbabwe, which until 2009 suffered from huge price instability, facing both a terrible hyperinflation and repeated deflations (or negative inflation), and so, since people did not want to keep local currency, many turned to barter for everyday transactions. The case of Venezuela is more recent: after experiencing an inflation rate above $1,000,000$ percent by the end of 2018 , combined with a shortage of products in the formal market, people began using barter to acquire basic consumption goods.

However, barter is extremely inefficient, because it requires a mutual coincidence of needs. For example, a sick painter would need a doctor willing to treat him in exchange for one of his paintings. In addition, the price of each good would need to be fixed in terms of all others; people would have to calculate and agree on how many hens are equivalent to a chair, how many to a lecture on economics, and so on.

经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|The History of Money and Gresham’s Law

From the dawn of human history, societies have recognized the many inconveniences of barter, so they have turned to money. Although it is not clear when some form of money was first used, we know that metallic money began to be used around 5000-6000 BCE.

While metals offer many advantages over forms of money other than bills, all sorts of commodities have been used as money throughout history: colored seashells in India, cigarettes in the prison camps of World War II, and even whale’s teeth in Fiji.

Gresham’s law helps explain societal shifts toward current forms of money. It is named after Sir Thomas Gresham, founder of the Royal London Stock Exchange, who famously stated that “bad money drives out good.” By this he was referring to a money system based on nonstandard objects, where, for example, if gold and chicken are the two forms of money in circulation, the more valuable of the two will disappear from circulation. This law

constitutes an interesting facet of the historical use of money.

For example, at one time in Tanzania, livestock served as money, and soon people realized that only the weakest and sickest animals were being used in transactions. The reason was very simple: the value of goods and services was expressed in number of heads of cattle, without distinguishing between good and bad ones. Since livestock has an intrinsic value for its meat, milk, leather, and transportation services, it was more convenient to pay with the faulty cattle and keep the healthy ones. This explains why societies increasingly turned to standardizing and certifying forms of money based on precious metals.

Coinage emerged in Greece in the seventh century $\mathrm{BCE}$ and proved to be a useful way to relieve this problem, so it quickly became popular. Coins substantially reduced the need to weigh and certify the metals, thereby facilitating transactions. For about four hundred years, until the third century BCE, the Athenian drachma kept its silver content virtually unchanged and was by far the predominant currency of the Old World.

Gresham's Law: The Bad Drives Out the Good As Time Passes
经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|MONEY, INFLATION

宏观经济学代考

经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|THE EXCHANGE RATE

四百年前,西班牙的弗朗西斯科·德·克韦多写道:“统治国王、牧师和学者,统治着强大的金钱之王”,这在今天看来仍然是正确的。货币赋予了对资源的购买力,它的扩张速度(它的增长速度)与通货膨胀密切相关。

在本章中,我们分析了货币当局如何监管货币流通以及货币与经济活动之间的关系。此外,还研究了两个密切相关的问题:价格决定和汇率的作用,之后我们可以了解有时是什么促使政府放弃使用一种货币而转而使用另一种货币——法国法郎兑换欧元,或厄瓜多尔苏克雷换美元。对这些主题的研究也将有助于我们理解当前讨论美元作为

世界储备货币及其面临的来自欧元、人民币、日元、英镑等货币的竞争。

应该如何管理汇率是世界各地经济当局一直在讨论的问题。然而,到了二十一世纪之交,由于全球化进程的加快、体量的大幅增长和金融关系的深化,讨论变得更加激烈。

经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|Money

货币作为商品和服务的交换手段,从而消除了易货交易的需要,并作为会计单位。货币也可以作为记账单位,因为所有商品都可以用货币表示;因此,交易的发生只需要每种商品的单一价格。

因此,价格是货币兑换商品的比率。在某些情况下,金钱也可以作为储存价值的手段:今天某人口袋里的钞票和硬币可能会在一周后具有相同的价值,就他们获得商品的能力而言。作为一种价值储存手段,货币比其他资产具有一些优势,例如流动性最强;此外,其未来的名义价值不受

不确定性(如期货和衍生品等不同金融工具经常出现的情况)。然而,正如我们将在下文看到的,通货膨胀使作为财富储存手段的货币价值恶化。

在任何现代经济中,货币对于商业和金融交易的发展都至关重要。没有钱,运营就必须通过易货交易来完成。尽管这听起来像是过去的事情,但在某些情况下仍使用易货交易。例如,2002 年初,阿根廷因“corralito”而陷入严重危机,缺乏支付手段,该措施阻止支票账户和存款持有人从银行提取资金。在这种情况下,在小型公共市场等地方,以物易物被用来进行较小的经济交易。另一个例子是津巴布韦,直到 2009 年,它一直遭受巨大的价格不稳定,面临着可怕的恶性通货膨胀和反复通货紧缩(或负通货膨胀),因此,由于人们不想保留当地货币,许多人转向以物易物进行日常交易。委内瑞拉的例子是最近的:在经历了高于上述的通货膨胀率之后1,000,000到 2018 年底,加之正规市场的产品短缺,人们开始使用易货贸易来获取基本消费品。

然而,易货交易效率极低,因为它需要需求的相互一致。例如,一位生病的画家需要一位愿意为他治疗的医生,以换取他的一幅画作。此外,每种商品的价格都需要根据所有其他商品来确定;人们必须计算并同意有多少母鸡相当于一把椅子,有多少母鸡相当于一个经济学讲座,等等。

经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|The History of Money and Gresham’s Law

从人类历史的曙光开始,社会就已经认识到易货贸易的诸多不便,因此它们转向了金钱。虽然尚不清楚何时首次使用某种形式的货币,但我们知道金属货币在公元前 5000-6000 年左右开始使用。

虽然金属比钞票以外的其他货币形式具有许多优势,但在整个历史上,各种商品都被用作货币:印度的彩色贝壳、二战战俘营中的香烟,甚至斐济的鲸鱼牙齿。

格雷欣定律有助于解释社会向当前货币形式的转变。它以皇家伦敦证券交易所创始人托马斯格雷沙姆爵士的名字命名,他有句名言“劣币驱逐良币”。他指的是基于非标准对象的货币体系,例如,如果黄金和鸡肉是流通中的两种货币形式,则两者中更有价值的将从流通中消失。该法

构成了货币历史使用的一个有趣方面。

例如,曾经在坦桑尼亚,牲畜被用作货币,很快人们就意识到只有最虚弱和病重的动物才会被用于交易。原因很简单:商品和服务的价值以牛头数表示,不分好坏。由于牲畜的肉、奶、皮革和运输服务具有内在价值,因此用有缺陷的牛支付并保持健康的牛更方便。这就解释了为什么社会越来越多地转向标准化和认证基于贵金属的货币形式。

公元七世纪,希腊出现了铸币乙C和并被证明是缓解这个问题的有用方法,因此它迅速流行起来。硬币大大减少了称重和认证金属的需要,从而促进了交易。大约四百年来,直到公元前三世纪,雅典德拉克马的银含量几乎没有变化,并且是迄今为止旧世界的主要货币。

经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考 请认准statistics-lab™

统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

随机过程代考

在概率论概念中,随机过程随机变量的集合。 若一随机系统的样本点是随机函数,则称此函数为样本函数,这一随机系统全部样本函数的集合是一个随机过程。 实际应用中,样本函数的一般定义在时间域或者空间域。 随机过程的实例如股票和汇率的波动、语音信号、视频信号、体温的变化,随机运动如布朗运动、随机徘徊等等。

贝叶斯方法代考

贝叶斯统计概念及数据分析表示使用概率陈述回答有关未知参数的研究问题以及统计范式。后验分布包括关于参数的先验分布,和基于观测数据提供关于参数的信息似然模型。根据选择的先验分布和似然模型,后验分布可以解析或近似,例如,马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗 (MCMC) 方法之一。贝叶斯统计概念及数据分析使用后验分布来形成模型参数的各种摘要,包括点估计,如后验平均值、中位数、百分位数和称为可信区间的区间估计。此外,所有关于模型参数的统计检验都可以表示为基于估计后验分布的概率报表。

广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型(GLM)归属统计学领域,是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

statistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构,多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务,包括但不限于Essay代写,Assignment代写,Dissertation代写,Report代写,小组作业代写,Proposal代写,Paper代写,Presentation代写,计算机作业代写,论文修改和润色,网课代做,exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中,本科,研究生等海外留学全阶段,辐射金融,经济学,会计学,审计学,管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者,也有海外名校硕博留学生,每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力,专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创,100%专业,100%准时,100%满意。

机器学习代写

随着AI的大潮到来,Machine Learning逐渐成为一个新的学习热点。同时与传统CS相比,Machine Learning在其他领域也有着广泛的应用,因此这门学科成为不仅折磨CS专业同学的“小恶魔”,也是折磨生物、化学、统计等其他学科留学生的“大魔王”。学习Machine learning的一大绊脚石在于使用语言众多,跨学科范围广,所以学习起来尤其困难。但是不管你在学习Machine Learning时遇到任何难题,StudyGate专业导师团队都能为你轻松解决。

多元统计分析代考


基础数据: $N$ 个样本, $P$ 个变量数的单样本,组成的横列的数据表
变量定性: 分类和顺序;变量定量:数值
数学公式的角度分为: 因变量与自变量

时间序列分析代写

随机过程,是依赖于参数的一组随机变量的全体,参数通常是时间。 随机变量是随机现象的数量表现,其时间序列是一组按照时间发生先后顺序进行排列的数据点序列。通常一组时间序列的时间间隔为一恒定值(如1秒,5分钟,12小时,7天,1年),因此时间序列可以作为离散时间数据进行分析处理。研究时间序列数据的意义在于现实中,往往需要研究某个事物其随时间发展变化的规律。这就需要通过研究该事物过去发展的历史记录,以得到其自身发展的规律。

回归分析代写

多元回归分析渐进(Multiple Regression Analysis Asymptotics)属于计量经济学领域,主要是一种数学上的统计分析方法,可以分析复杂情况下各影响因素的数学关系,在自然科学、社会和经济学等多个领域内应用广泛。

MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

R语言代写问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写深度学习代写
SQL代写各种数据建模与可视化代写

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