### 经济代写|Microeconomics代考微观经济学代写|ECO202

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• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|The Principle of Efective Demand

The starting point of the Keynesian-Kaleckian theory is that each industry tends to adapt production to the demand for its products at a price sufficient to induce that production (this price is called supply price). Given sufficient time, this price is the natural price or price of production, imposed by entry. Let us assume no constraint coming from labour availability, owing to the existence of open or hidden unemployment (Marx’s reserve army of labour). That production adapts to demand is accepted by neoclassical theory too, so no problem here. Then the question that arises is what determines demand.

The composition of demand can be taken as given, determined by income distribution and consumption habits for the part of demand addressed to purchase consumption goods, and by the preferred composition of investment, decided by firms in order to renew capital stocks and to expand them in the direction suggested by past trends plus innovations, for the part addressed to buy capital goods. Both compositions can be taken as fundamentally given for the purposes of the present analysis, and to be studied if necessary in a second stage of the analysis. As we will see, in value terms (all the magnitudes we will talk about in this section will be in value terms unless explicitly indicated otherwise) the ratio of demand addressed to investment to demand addressed to consumption can be taken as constant in a first approximation, so the difference in the two compositions does not cause indeterminateness of the overall composition of demand.

## 经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|The Dynamic Multiplier

A clarification of the notion of equilibrium level of $Y$ in this theory is necessary. The equality of investment and savings in a period is not always sufficient to qualify the corresponding $Y$ as an equilibrium $Y$. Imagine an economy where programmed investment and savings are always equal, where production of each good is always perfectly adapted to demand because all production is to order, all that is produced is sold because it is only produced after receiving purchase orders. In such an economy there is no unprogrammed inventory variation, $Y=A D$ always. But this does not mean that $Y$ is always an equilibrium $Y$, if one continues to mean by equilibrium $Y$ the level at which there is no incentive for $\mathrm{Y}$ to change, and one explicitly takes into account a fact that was implicit in our earlier discussion of the dynamic tendency towards $Y_{e}$ : generally one must first receive an income, and only after receiving it one can spend the part of it allotted to consumption; and some time is needed for all this spending to go through. In other words, there is always some lag between earning an income and spending the fraction $c_{1}$ of it on consumption goods. To understand the relevance of this lag, divide time into periods of length equal to the average length of this lag, and distinguish the periods with indices $t, t+1$, etc. Then, assuming $C=c_{1} Y$ for simplicity, the consumption expenditure caused by the income $Y_{t}$ obtained by consumers in period $t$, that is $c_{1} Y_{f}$, is not $C_{f}$, it is $C_{t+1}$, and therefore it contributes to determining $A D_{t+1}$, not $A D_{r}$. Since we are now assuming that aggregate output perfectly equals aggregate demand in each period and treating investment as given and constant, so $I_{t+1}=I_{r}$, we obtain
$$Y_{t+1}=C_{t+1}+I_{t+1}=c_{1} Y_{t}+I_{I} .$$

This equation implies that $Y_{t+1}$ will be equal to $Y_{t}$ only if $c_{1} Y_{t}+I_{t}=Y_{t}$, that is, if $Y_{t+1}=Y_{t}=I_{i} \cdot 1 /\left(1-c_{1}\right)=Y_{e}$. In other words, if $Y_{t}$ is different from $Y_{e}$, it tends to change. Now, the true definition of equilibrium $Y$ is the level of $Y$ which no longer has a tendency endogenously to change (as long as autonomous expenditure does not change). Now that we admit a lag between receiving an income and spending it, we see that this equilibrium requires $Y_{t+1}=Y_{t}=I_{t} \cdot 1 /\left(1-c_{1}\right)$, the same equilibrium level we found in the previous static analysis.

Is this equilibrium level of $Y$ stable in the present case, that is, is it the level towards which actual $Y$ tends? A simple numerical example will show that the answer is yes.

## 经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|The Principle of Efective Demand

Keynesian-Kaleckian 理论的出发点是，每个行业都倾向于以足以诱导生产的价格（这个价格称为供给价格）调整生产以适应对其产品的需求。如果有足够的时间，这个价格是自然价格或生产价格，由进入强加。由于存在公开或隐性失业（马克思的劳动力后备军），让我们假设没有来自劳动力可用性的限制。生产适应需求也被新古典理论所接受，所以这里没有问题。那么出现的问题是什么决定了需求。

## 经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|The Dynamic Multiplier

$$Y_{t+1}=C_{t+1}+I_{t+1}=c_{1} Y_{t}+I_{I} .$$

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## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。