### 统计代写|金融中的随机方法作业代写Stochastic Methods in Finance代考| Forward-Looking ALM Tests

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写金融中的随机方法Stochastic Methods in Finance方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写金融中的随机方法Stochastic Methods in Finance方面经验极为丰富，各种代写金融中的随机方法Stochastic Methods in Finance相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• Advanced Probability Theory 高等楖率论
• Advanced Mathematical Statistics 高等数理统计学
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 统计代写|金融中的随机方法作业代写Stochastic Methods in Finance代考|Forward-Looking ALM Tests

From a strategic vantage point for an investor or pension sponsor, rule-based simulators are the instruments of choice for ongoing strategic risk control and management. These approaches allow for covering with very high degree of accuracy all aspects of the complex, individual situation in which strategic financial decisions are made. Realistic simulations of an investments vehicle’s stochastic behavior is a rich and reliable source for the information needed in ongoing strategic risk control activities as well for regularly revising decisions on risk optimal strategies allocation.

Most strategic decisions occur across a multi-periodic context, often with complex, path-dependent rules for rebalancing, contribution, and withdrawals. In most cases such conditional rebalancing rules can be found for each single asset; it is necessary to include them in order to represent each asset’s marginal contribution. Such rules are not only an essential aspect of asset allocation, but also the rules offer the opportunity to design and optimize them as an integral part of the strategy. In that sense one has to define strategic asset allocation not only as the composition of a portfolio, which would be sufficient if the world were a static one, but rather as an asset allocation strategy, which includes portfolio compositions and management rules. On the level of the strategy, these rules should not depend on exogenous conditions of single markets, but rather on the overall goal achievement compared to the individual preference structure, e.g., at a certain high funding level, a de-risking of the strategic portfolio happens, since no more risk taking is necessary to achieve the overall goals.

Such management rules always depend on additional sets of evaluation rules, internally or externally given, to evaluate the development of the results of the strategies, for example, under commercial law balance sheet and profit/loss calculations, taxation, or various other aspects. These rules produce incentives to favor one allocation strategy over another. Thus it is a basic requirement in order to find individually optimal strategies, to work with rule simulators, which represent relevant management and evaluation rules adequately and with the least level of simplification. This requirement is matched by modern rule simulators such as the PROTINUS Strategy Cockpit $^{\text {TM }}$ – described below and employed for the forward-looking tests.

When the multi-period environment is represented accurately, it becomes possible to design individually specific sets of objectives, constraints, and bounds. This is a major advantage of rule simulators, for which it is a condition qua sine non to have optimization and simulation in a single model setting. The necessity of optimizing strategies based on individual objective functions comes from the fact that any strategic investment is done to serve not a general common goal, but always to fulfill goals depending on individual conditions, rule sets, and preference structure. Systems like the PROTINUS Strategy Cockpit ” allow for setting up any objective functions derived from the variable of the rule set and perform desired calculation on them.

## 统计代写|金融中的随机方法作业代写Stochastic Methods in Finance代考|The PROTINUS Strategy CockpitTM

Protinus Strategy Cockpit is an integrated development environment for modeling multi-period stochastic planning problems in finance. It has been employed successfully as a strategic risk controlling and risk management tool over the past decade. It is a policy-rule simulator and optimizer, working in all MS Windows and MS Server ${ }^{\text {TM }}$ environments developed by the consulting firm PROTINUS in Munich, Germany. Ziemba and Mulvey (1998) described such systems in general, which they called decision rule approaches in comparison to alternative approaches, at a time when only very small number of implementations of such approaches existed. Predecessors of the PROTINUS Strategy Cockpit developed by the former Princeton-based organization Lattice Financial LLC were implemented, for example, as the first and, for several years, primary ALM system employed at the large German corporate Siemens.

The PROTINUS Strategy Cockpit ” generates user-specific rules by assembling a library of building block rules, ranging from simple arithmetic operations to complex accounting standards. The building blocks are put into the desired order via an execution schedule and where necessary a quantitative condition for their execution. PROTINUS Strategy Cockpit iM includes a powerful meta-heuristic, non-convex optimization algorithm based on early concepts of Glover’s Tabu search (Glover and Laguna 1997 ). The analyses are updated from past runs by saving solution information as templates and by grouping into reports. PROTINUS Strategy Cockpit ${ }^{\text {TM }}$ includes project management tools typically needed when working with large scenario spaces and complex rule sets and performing risk measurement and allocation studies. Figures $3.6$ and $3.7$ are screenshots from the financial engineers’ version. There is also a configuration available, which provides a fully automatic version, called PROTINUS Strategy Factory ${ }^{\text {TM }}$. Over the past several years, this system has been implemented to individually optimize on a quarterly basis, in a fully automatic fashion, several tens of thousands of portfolios for unit-linked insurance contracts provided by the Insurance Company Skandia in several countries in central Europe.

## 统计代写|金融中的随机方法作业代写Stochastic Methods in Finance代考|Evaluating Several Versions of the Global DEO Strategy

This section has two purposes. First, it provides brief examples of how a rule simulator can help determine the effects of addition-specific investment products to a given asset universe, a question investors as well as providers of such products have

to answer regularly. Second, we will analyze specifically how the DEO strategies perform in a prospective context.

The overlay strategies are evaluated in PROTINUS Strategy Cockpit ${ }^{\text {TM }}$ with three case studies: an asset-only context, a pension plan with IFRS balance sheet calculations, and the same pension plan rule with an added conditional contribution rule. All three cases are based on scenarios for the DEO overlay strategies and a group of broad, standard markets, i.e., US and Euro-equity as well as Eurogovernment and Euro-corporate bonds. For the pension plan cases, IFRS liability scenarios are produced from the scenarios for inflation and discount rates of the economic model. The basic liability data representing the plan’s population with all its biometric characteristics come from a modified real data set. We choose to generate a 10 -year, 1000 -scenario space with a quarterly scaling, since all shorter time steps are not of the typical interest for the strategic investor. In addition, we employ a commodity overlay strategy, called the Princeton Index (Mulvey and Vural 2010), to provide additional diversification benefits.

For these analyses, we apply a cascade structure economic model which allows for the generation of consistent scenario spaces for market returns and fundamentals and liabilities. The economic model is again made out of a group of simple building blocks. Early versions of such models are described by Mulvey (1996). The model includes basic equations with mean reverting assumptions and derives most returns processes implicitly from the cascade of fundamental processes. These return processes are either produced by functional dependencies or via advanced random number drawing techniques. For all processes the first four moments, including skewness and kurtosis, and the interactions among the variables can be defined explicitly. The cascade represents one core macroeconomic environment, typically representing the investor’s home region in order to include the local inflation and the rate, especially discount rate environment. These variables, along with scenarios for the liability variables such as IFRS defined benefit obligation (DBO), service cost, and pension payments are produced, so that a complete and fully consistent set of scenario spaces results, which represents accurately relevant exogenous risk factors.

## 统计代写|金融中的随机方法作业代写Stochastic Methods in Finance代考|The PROTINUS Strategy CockpitTM

Protinus Strategy Cockpit 是一个集成开发环境，用于对金融领域的多期随机规划问题进行建模。在过去的十年中，它已成功地用作战略风险控制和风险管理工具。它是一个策略规则模拟器和优化器，适用于所有 MS Windows 和 MS ServerTM值 由德国慕尼黑的咨询公司 PROTINUS 开发的环境。Ziemba 和 Mulvey (1998) 概括地描述了这样的系统，他们将其称为与替代方法相比的决策规则方法，当时这种方法的实现数量很少。例如，由前普林斯顿组织 Lattice Financial LLC 开发的 PROTINUS Strategy Cockpit 的前身已被实施，作为德国大型企业西门子多年来使用的第一个 ALM 系统，也是多年来的主要 ALM 系统。

PROTINUS Strategy Cockpit”通过组装一个构建块规则库来生成用户特定的规则，范围从简单的算术运算到复杂的会计标准。构建块通过执行计划以及在必要时执行的定量条件被放入所需的顺序。PROTINUS Strategy Cockpit iM 包括一个强大的元启发式非凸优化算法，该算法基于 Glover 的禁忌搜索的早期概念（Glover 和 Laguna 1997）。通过将解决方案信息保存为模板并分组到报告中，可以从过去的运行中更新分析。PROTINUS 策略驾驶舱TM值 包括处理大型场景空间和复杂规则集以及执行风险测量和分配研究时通常需要的项目管理工具。数据3.6和3.7是金融工程师版本的截图。还有一个配置可用，它提供了一个全自动版本，称为 PROTINUS Strategy FactoryTM值 . 在过去的几年中，该系统已实施，以全自动方式按季度单独优化斯堪迪亚保险公司在中欧几个国家提供的数以万计的单位连结保险合同组合。

## 广义线性模型代考

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## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。