### 统计代写|金融统计代写Financial Statistics代考|GRA6518

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写金融统计Financial Statistics方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写金融统计Financial Statistics代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写金融统计Financial Statistics相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 统计代写|金融统计代写Financial Statistics代考|A compromise between simulation and analytical methods

For further treatment, in particular in Chapter 11 , it is important to develop a right attitude to the balance between simulation and analytical methods. It is a compromise between them, when one reinforces the other.

On one hand (see [152], p. 45 ), the analytical study, even in a highly simplified situation, may suggest useful ideas for simulation analysis. For example, it helps to keep singularities of the model in check. These may be overlooked when simulation is performed, whence errors. Besides, an analytical study of the main variables involved in the model done in advance may advance simulation by choosing the most appropriate distributions. Overall, a preliminary acquaintance with the model by means of analytical investigation may help to develop a reasonable simulation strategy, and may be useful for computational optimization.
On the other hand, simulation can help us to rehabilitate the analytical methods in the opinion of practitioners. Although some practitioners feel that a majority of analytical methods are derived using unnatural assumptions, they may still be used for verification of numerical results obtained by simulation. This can be done by comparing them with theoretical results, albeit in those conditions in which the latter were obtained.

Let us summarize. The traditional analytical methods and methods of simulation should under no circumstances be considered as competing methods. The general rule (see [53], p. 154) is that analytical investigations should be carried out whenever possible. However, one should resist the temptation to manipulate the

premises of the model, simplifying it to make such analytical investigation possible, if it leads to a violation of the model’s applicability in real-world conditions.
If this simplification is nevertheless done, as is often the case in classical risk theory, then a clear warning should be made regarding the existence of limitations in the applicability, or even the inapplicability of the model. After that, when other opportunities are exhausted and all warnings are made, simulation techniques may be applied.

## 统计代写|金融统计代写Financial Statistics代考|The insurance system

Let us start with a brief summary of the insurance system’s fundamentals which have already been presented in detail in Chapter 1. This system is commonly regarded as a mechanism designed to reduce the adverse financial impact of random events that prevent fulfillment of reasonable expectations. Insurers issue contracts called policies, according to which an amount equal to or less than the value of financial losses will be paid, if the property is damaged or destroyed in an accident occurring during the term of the contract.

For the insureds, this practice provides protection against accidental loss in the sense that they will pay much less in premiums than they probably would otherwise have to pay in the case of an accident. Additionally, in contrast to the losses that are a random variable, the premium payment is a fixed, non-random sum of money.

Normally, the insurer seeks to spread the risk and costs of random losses among all the contracts in the portfolio, and over time. In this endeavor, it faces many constraints, and significant, unavoidable uncertainty. In essence, the insurer is a buffer set to dampen variations in claim amounts not only in a single year, but over a number of consecutive years. The insurer divides the total variation in claims between the premiums and the financial resources previously received.
The insurance system is regulated in accordance with two fundamental principles. One of these has its origins lying in insurance ethics, and is called the principle of equity ${ }^{2}$. According to this principle, the value of premiums should be “fair”. Conceptually, this means that all insurers should not pay more than the cost of the risk they bring into the insurer’s portfolio.

We have already mentioned (see Section 1.1.2) that ethical considerations are supported by quite pragmatic reasons: no insurance manager wants to entice its customers to switch to a competing company, or complain about it to the court. The systematic underpayment is also unacceptable, since this could lead to the ruin of the insurer and to the loss of insurance protection by all of its customers.

## 统计代写|金融统计代写Financial Statistics代考|Short-term and long-term regulations

The main purpose of this chapter is to outline the long-term ${ }^{7}$ integral model of the insurance business for a company operating on a competitive, but effectively regulated market. Under such regulation, each company on the market complies with mandatory annual minimum requirements for its solvency. This compliance is watched by the regulator. It removes from the market those companies that fail to meet these minimum solvency requirements, which is usually checked at the beginning of each insurance year.

In reality, it is not easy for supervisory and regulatory authorities to instil such discipline among the market participants. However, we will assume that this is achieved, and that regulation is efficient in this sense. We will be focussed on the strategic danger posed by overly aggressive competition. Of course, effective short-term regulation does not guarantee long-term business prosperity. A fall in the company’s prices on the profitable market is usually accompanied by a rise in its attractiveness to investors, together with the profit growth shown in its annual reports. In an effort to please the shareholders, who are the employers of the company’s management, and who want to see growing profit on a regular basis, insurance managers can neglect the strategic considerations and act to the detriment of long-term solvency; this will not be detected by short-term regulation, at least not during the initial stages.

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## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。