统计代写|SPSS代写代考|Critical approaches

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SPSS主要用于数据管理、高级分析、多变量分析、商业智能。

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我们提供的SPSS及其相关学科的代写,服务范围广, 其中包括但不限于:

  • Statistical Inference 统计推断
  • Statistical Computing 统计计算
  • Advanced Probability Theory 高等楖率论
  • Advanced Mathematical Statistics 高等数理统计学
  • (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
  • Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
  • Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
  • Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础
Justifying Knowledge, Justifying Method, Taking Action: Epistemologies,  Methodologies, and Methods in Qualitative Research
统计代写|SPSS代写代考|Critical approaches

统计代写|SPSS代写代考|Critical approaches

Critical approaches are diverse and varied, so this term creates a broad umbrella. However, in general, these approaches hold that reality and truth are subjective (as does interpretivism) and that prevailing notions of reality and truth are constructed on the basis of power. Critical approaches tend to emphasize the importance of power, and that knowledge (and knowledge generation and validation systems) often serve to reinforce existing power relations. A range of approaches might fall into this umbrella, such as critical theory, feminist research, queer studies, critical race theory, and (dis)ability studies. Importantly, each of those perspectives also has substantial variability, with some work in those perspectives falling more into deconstructivism. Because in reality, there is wide variability in how people go about doing research, the lines between these rough categories are often blurred.

What can we know? We can know what realities have been constructed, and we can critically examine how they were constructed and what interests they serve. How do we generate and validate knowledge? Through tracing the ways that power and domination have shaped social realities. There is often an emphasis on locating and interrogating contradictions or ruptures in social realities that might provide insight into their role in power relations. There is also often an emphasis on advocacy, activism, and interrupting oppressive dynamics. What is the purpose of research? To create change in social realities and interrupt the dynamics of power and oppression.

统计代写|SPSS代写代考|Deconstructivism

Deconstructivism is another large umbrella term with a lot of diverse perspectives under it. These might be variously referred to as postmodernism, poststructuralism, deconstructivism, and many other perspectives. These perspectives generally hold that reality is unknowable, and that claims to such knowledge are self-destructive. Although truths might exist (or at least, truth claims exist), they are social constructions that consist of signs (not material realities) and are self-contradictory. Work in this perspective might question notions of reality and knowledge or might critique (or deconstruct) the ways that knowledges and truth claims have been assembled. There is some overlap with critical perspectives in that many deconstructivist perspectives also hold that the assemblages of signs and symbols that construe a social reality are shaped by power and domination.
What can we know? We cannot know in this perspective because there is a questioning of the existence of truth. We can, however, interrogate and deconstruct truth claims, their origins, and their investment with power. How do we generate and validate knowledge? In deconstructivist perspectives, researchers often critique or deconstruct existing knowledge claims rather than generating knowledge claims. This is because of the view that truth/knowledge claims are inherently contradictory and self-defeating. What is the purpose of research? To critique the world, knowledge, and knowability. One of the purposes of deconstructivist research is to challenge those notions, pushing others to rethink the systems of knowledge that they have accumulated.

统计代写|SPSS代写代考|Connecting epistemologies to perspectives and methods

In briefly reviewing major epistemological frames, we want to emphasize that epistemologies often do not fit neatly into these categories, nor are there only four kinds of epistemologies. These paradigms are quite expansive, and many researchers identify somewhere between these categories or with parts of more than one. In other words, the neatness with which we present these frames in this text is deceiving in that the reality of research and researchers is much messier, richer, and more diverse. One distinction that is common between qualitative and quantitative work is the openness with which researchers discuss their epistemological positions. Many qualitative researchers describe in some depth their epistemological and ideological positions in their published work. By contrast, the inclusion of that discussion is quite rare in published quantitative work. However, the ideological and epistemological stakes very much matter to the kinds of research a researcher does and the kinds of questions they ask.

One way that this happens is in the selection and mobilization of a theoretical perspective. As we described earlier in this chapter, good research questions are theoretically driven. Those theories have ideological and epistemological stakes. In other words, the selection of a theory or theoretical model for research is not a neutral or detached decision. Theories and their use emerge from particular epistemological stances and attempts to engage theories apart from their epistemological foundations are often frustrated. A key issue for this text, which focuses on quantitative analysis, is that most quantitative methods come from positivist and post-positivist epistemologies. One reason quantitative manuscripts often do not discuss epistemology is that there is a strong assumption of post-positivism in quantitative work. In fact, as we will discover in later chapters, the statistical models we have available are embedded with assumptions of positivism. That is not to say that all quantitative work must proceed from a post-positivist epistemology. However, being mindful of the foundations of quantitative methods in post-positivism, researchers who wish to engage these methods from other epistemological foundations will need to work with and in the tension that creates.

There is often some natural alignment between epistemology, theoretical perspective, and research method. Each method was created in response to a specific set of theoretical and epistemological beliefs. As a result, some methods more easily fit with certain theoretical perspectives which more easily fit with a particular epistemology. We have hinted at the fact that quantitative methods were designed for post-positivist work and thus fit more easily with that epistemology. There is also an array of theoretical perspectives that emerge from post-positivist work that are thus more easily integrated in quantitative work. But to reiterate it is possible to do interpretivist or critical work using quantitative methods. In future chapters, we will highlight some case studies that do so. Any such work requires careful reflection and thought, especially about the assumptions of quantitative work, and must be done carefully. Regardless of your position, we strongly urge students and researchers to consider their own epistemological beliefs and how they influence and shape the directions of their research.

统计代写|SPSS代写代考|Critical approaches

SPSS代写

统计代写|SPSS代写代考|Critical approaches

批判性方法多种多样,因此该术语创建了一个广泛的涵盖范围。然而,总的来说,这些方法认为现实和真理是主观的(解释主义也是如此),而普遍的现实和真理概念是建立在权力的基础上的。批判性方法倾向于强调权力的重要性,而知识(以及知识生成和验证系统)通常有助于加强现有的权力关系。一系列方法可能属于这一范畴,例如批判理论、女权主义研究、酷儿研究、批判种族理论和(不)能力研究。重要的是,这些观点中的每一个都具有很大的可变性,这些观点中的一些工作更多地属于解构主义。因为在现实中,人们进行研究的方式存在很大差异,

我们能知道什么?我们可以知道已经构建了哪些现实,我们可以批判性地检查它们是如何构建的以及它们服务于什么利益。我们如何生成和验证知识?通过追踪权力和统治塑造社会现实的方式。通常强调定位和审问社会现实中的矛盾或破裂,这可能有助于洞察他们在权力关系中的作用。还经常强调倡导、行动主义和打断压迫性的动力。研究的目的是什么?创造社会现实的变化,打断权力和压迫的动态。

统计代写|SPSS代写代考|Deconstructivism

解构主义是另一个大的总称,其下有许多不同的观点。这些可能被不同地称为后现代主义、后结构主义、解构主义和许多其他观点。这些观点通常认为现实是不可知的,声称拥有这种知识是自我毁灭的。尽管真理可能存在(或至少存在真理主张),但它们是由符号(而非物质现实)组成的社会建构,并且是自相矛盾的。从这个角度出发的工作可能会质疑现实和知识的概念,或者可能会批评(或解构)知识和真理主张的组合方式。
我们能知道什么?我们不能从这个角度知道,因为存在对真理存在的质疑。然而,我们可以询问和解构真相声明、它们的起源以及它们对权力的投资。我们如何生成和验证知识?在解构主义的观点中,研究人员经常批评或解构现有的知识主张,而不是产生知识主张。这是因为认为真理/知识主张本质上是矛盾的和弄巧成拙的。研究的目的是什么?批判世界、知识和可知性。解构主义研究的目的之一是挑战这些观念,推动其他人重新思考他们积累的知识系统。

统计代写|SPSS代写代考|Connecting epistemologies to perspectives and methods

在简要回顾主要认识论框架时,我们想强调认识论通常不能完全适合这些类别,也不是只有四种认识论。这些范式非常广泛,许多研究人员确定了这些类别之间的某个地方或多个类别的一部分。换句话说,我们在本文中呈现这些框架的简洁性具有欺骗性,因为研究和研究人员的现实更加混乱、丰富和多样化。定性和定量工作之间的一个共同区别是研究人员讨论他们的认识论立场时的开放性。许多定性研究人员在他们发表的作品中深入地描述了他们的认识论和意识形态立场。相比之下,在已发表的定量研究中很少包含这种讨论。然而,意识形态和认识论的利害关系对研究人员进行的研究类型和他们提出的问题类型非常重要。

发生这种情况的一种方式是选择和动员理论视角。正如我们在本章前面所描述的,好的研究问题是由理论驱动的。这些理论具有意识形态和认识论的利害关系。换句话说,研究的理论或理论模型的选择不是一个中立的或超然的决定。理论及其使用源于特定的认识论立场,而试图脱离其认识论基础而参与理论的尝试往往会受到挫败。本书关注定量分析的一个关键问题是,大多数定量方法来自实证主义和后实证主义认识论。定量手稿通常不讨论认识论的一个原因是定量工作中存在强烈的后实证主义假设。实际上,正如我们将在后面的章节中发现的那样,我们可用的统计模型嵌入了实证主义的假设。这并不是说所有的定量工作都必须从后实证主义认识论出发。然而,考虑到后实证主义中定量方法的基础,希望从其他认识论基础中使用这些方法的研究人员将需要在所产生的压力下工作。

认识论、理论观点和研究方法之间经常存在某种自然的一致性。每种方法都是为了响应一组特定的理论和认识论信念而创建的。因此,一些方法更容易适应某些理论观点,而这些观点更容易适应特定的认识论。我们已经暗示了这样一个事实,即定量方法是为后实证主义工作而设计的,因此更容易适应这种认识论。后实证主义工作也产生了一系列理论观点,因此更容易融入定量工作。但重申一下,使用定量方法进行解释或批判性工作是可能的。在以后的章节中,我们将重点介绍一些这样做的案例研究。任何这样的工作都需要仔细的思考和思考,尤其是关于定量工作的假设,必须谨慎进行。无论您的立场如何,我们都强烈敦促学生和研究人员考虑他们自己的认识论信念以及它们如何影响和塑造他们的研究方向。

统计代写|SPSS代写代考 请认准statistics-lab™

统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。统计代写|python代写代考

随机过程代考

在概率论概念中,随机过程随机变量的集合。 若一随机系统的样本点是随机函数,则称此函数为样本函数,这一随机系统全部样本函数的集合是一个随机过程。 实际应用中,样本函数的一般定义在时间域或者空间域。 随机过程的实例如股票和汇率的波动、语音信号、视频信号、体温的变化,随机运动如布朗运动、随机徘徊等等。

贝叶斯方法代考

贝叶斯统计概念及数据分析表示使用概率陈述回答有关未知参数的研究问题以及统计范式。后验分布包括关于参数的先验分布,和基于观测数据提供关于参数的信息似然模型。根据选择的先验分布和似然模型,后验分布可以解析或近似,例如,马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗 (MCMC) 方法之一。贝叶斯统计概念及数据分析使用后验分布来形成模型参数的各种摘要,包括点估计,如后验平均值、中位数、百分位数和称为可信区间的区间估计。此外,所有关于模型参数的统计检验都可以表示为基于估计后验分布的概率报表。

广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型(GLM)归属统计学领域,是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

statistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构,多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务,包括但不限于Essay代写,Assignment代写,Dissertation代写,Report代写,小组作业代写,Proposal代写,Paper代写,Presentation代写,计算机作业代写,论文修改和润色,网课代做,exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中,本科,研究生等海外留学全阶段,辐射金融,经济学,会计学,审计学,管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者,也有海外名校硕博留学生,每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力,专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创,100%专业,100%准时,100%满意。

机器学习代写

随着AI的大潮到来,Machine Learning逐渐成为一个新的学习热点。同时与传统CS相比,Machine Learning在其他领域也有着广泛的应用,因此这门学科成为不仅折磨CS专业同学的“小恶魔”,也是折磨生物、化学、统计等其他学科留学生的“大魔王”。学习Machine learning的一大绊脚石在于使用语言众多,跨学科范围广,所以学习起来尤其困难。但是不管你在学习Machine Learning时遇到任何难题,StudyGate专业导师团队都能为你轻松解决。

多元统计分析代考


基础数据: $N$ 个样本, $P$ 个变量数的单样本,组成的横列的数据表
变量定性: 分类和顺序;变量定量:数值
数学公式的角度分为: 因变量与自变量

时间序列分析代写

随机过程,是依赖于参数的一组随机变量的全体,参数通常是时间。 随机变量是随机现象的数量表现,其时间序列是一组按照时间发生先后顺序进行排列的数据点序列。通常一组时间序列的时间间隔为一恒定值(如1秒,5分钟,12小时,7天,1年),因此时间序列可以作为离散时间数据进行分析处理。研究时间序列数据的意义在于现实中,往往需要研究某个事物其随时间发展变化的规律。这就需要通过研究该事物过去发展的历史记录,以得到其自身发展的规律。

回归分析代写

多元回归分析渐进(Multiple Regression Analysis Asymptotics)属于计量经济学领域,主要是一种数学上的统计分析方法,可以分析复杂情况下各影响因素的数学关系,在自然科学、社会和经济学等多个领域内应用广泛。

MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

R语言代写问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写深度学习代写
SQL代写各种数据建模与可视化代写

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