## 电子工程代写|计算数学基础代写Mathematical Foundations of Computing代考|CS5850

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写计算数学基础Mathematical Foundations of Computing方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写计算数学基础Mathematical Foundations of Computing方面经验极为丰富，各种代写计算数学基础Mathematical Foundations of Computing相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 电子工程代写|计算数学基础代写Mathematical Foundations of Computing代考|Random Variables

So far, we have restricted ourselves to studying events, which are collections of outcomes of experiments or observations. However, we are often interested in abstract quantities or outcomes of experiments that are derived from events and observations but are not themselves events or observations. For example, if we throw a fair die, we may want to compute the probability that the square of the face value is smaller than 10. This is random and can be associated with a probability and, moreover, depends on some underlying random events. Yet, it is neither an event nor an observation: It is a random variable. Intuitively, a random variable is a quantity that can assume any one of a set of values, called its domain $\boldsymbol{D}$, and whose value can be stated only probabilistically. In this section, we will study random variables and their distributions.

More formally, a real random variable-the one most commonly encountered in applications having to do with computer networking-is a mapping from events in a sample space $S$ to the domain of real numbers. The probability associated with each value assumed by a real random variable ${ }^{2}$ is the probability of the underlying event in the sample space, as illustrated in Figure 1.1.

A random variable is discrete if the set of values it can assume is finite and countable. The elements of $D$ should be mutually exclusive-that is, the random variable cannot simultaneously take on more than one value-and exhaustive-the random variable cannot assume a value that is not an element of $D$.

## 电子工程代写|计算数学基础代写Mathematical Foundations of Computing代考|Cumulative Density Function

The domain of a discrete real random variable $X_{d}$ is totally ordered; that is, for any two values $x_{1}$ and $x_{2}$ in the domain, either $x_{1}>x_{2}$ or $x_{2}>x_{1}$. We define the cumulative density function $F\left(X_{d}\right)$ by
$$F(x)=\sum_{i \mid x_{i} \leq x} p\left(x_{i}\right)=p\left(X_{d} \leq x\right)$$
Note the difference between $F\left(X_{d}\right)$, which denotes the cumulative distribution of random variable $X_{d}$, and $F(x)$, which is the value of the cumulative distribution for the value $X_{d}=x$

Similarly, the cumulative density function of a continuous random variable $X_{c}$, denoted $F\left(X_{c}\right)$, is given by
$$F(x)=\int_{-\infty}^{x} f(y) d y=p\left(X_{c} \leq x\right)$$
By definition of probability, in both cases, $0 \leq F\left(X_{d}\right) \leq 1,0 \leq F\left(X_{c}\right) \leq 1$.

## 电子工程代写|计算数学基础代写Mathematical Foundations of Computing代考|Cumulative Density Function

$$F(x)=\sum_{i \mid x_{i} \leq x} p\left(x_{i}\right)=p\left(X_{d} \leq x\right)$$

$$F(x)=\int_{-\infty}^{x} f(y) d y=p\left(X_{c} \leq x\right)$$

## 广义线性模型代考

statistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 电子工程代写|计算数学基础代写Mathematical Foundations of Computing代考|CSMAX170

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写计算数学基础Mathematical Foundations of Computing方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写计算数学基础Mathematical Foundations of Computing方面经验极为丰富，各种代写计算数学基础Mathematical Foundations of Computing相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 电子工程代写|计算数学基础代写Mathematical Foundations of Computing代考|Joint and Conditional Probability

Thus far, we have defined the terms used in studying probability and considered single events in isolation. Having set this foundation, we now turn our attention to the interesting issues that arise when studying sequences of events. In doing so, it is very important to keep track of the sample space in which the events are defined: A common mistake is to ignore the fact that two events in a sequence may be defined on different sample spaces.

Consider two processes with sample spaces $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ that occur one after the other. The two processes can be viewed as a single joint process whose outcomes are the tuples chosen from the product space $S_{1} \times S_{2}$. We refer to the subsets of the product space as joint events. Just as before, we can associate probabilities with outcomes and events in the product space. To keep things straight, in this section, we denote the sample space associated with a probability as a subscript, so that $P_{S_{1}}(E)$ denotes the probability of event $E$ defined over sample space $S_{1}$, and $P_{S_{1} \times S_{2}}(E)$ is an event defined over the product space $S_{1} \times S_{2}$.
EXAMPLE 1.10: JOINT PROCESS AND JOINT EVENTS
Consider sample space $S_{1}={1,2,3}$ and sample space $S_{2}={a, b, c}$. Then, the product space is given by ${(1, a),(1, b),(1, c),(2, a),(2, b),(2, c),(3, a),(3, b)$, $(3, c)}$. If these events are equiprobable, the probability of each tuple is $\frac{1}{9}$. Let $E={1,2}$ be an event in $S_{1}$ and $F={b}$ be an event in $S_{2}$. Then, the event $E F$ is given by the tuples ${(1, b),(2, b)}$ and has probability $\frac{1}{9}+\frac{1}{9}=\frac{2}{9}$.
We will return to the topic of joint processes in Section $1.8$. We now turn our attention to the concept of conditional probability.

## 电子工程代写|计算数学基础代写Mathematical Foundations of Computing代考|Bayes’s Rule

One of the most widely used rules in the theory of probability is due to an English country minister: Thomas Bayes. Its significance is that it allows us to infer “backwards” from effects to causes rather than from causes to effects. The derivation of his rule is straightforward, though its implications are profound.
We begin with the definition of conditional probability (Equation 1.4):
$$P_{S \times S}(F \mid E)=\frac{P_{S \times S}(E F)}{P_{S}(E)}$$
If the underlying sample spaces can be assumed to be implicitly known, we can rewrite this as
$$P(E F)=P(F \mid E) P(E)$$
We interpret this to mean that the probability that both $E$ and $F$ occur is the product of the probabilities of two events: first, that $E$ occurs; second, that conditional on $E, F$ occurs.

Recall that $P(F \mid E)$ is defined in terms of the event $F$ following event $E$. Now, consider the converse: $F$ is known to have occurred. What is the probability that $E$ occurred? This is similar to the problem: If there is fire, there is smoke, but if we see smoke, what is the probability that it was due to a fire? The probability we want is $P(E \mid F)$. Using the definition of conditional probability, it is given by
$$P(E \mid F)=\frac{P(E F)}{P(F)}$$
Substituting for $P(F)$ from Equation 1.7, we get
$$P(E \mid F)=\frac{P(F \mid E)}{P(F)} P(E)$$
which is Bayes’s rule. One way of interpreting this is that it allows us to compute the degree to which some effect, or posterior $F$, can be attributed to some cause, or prior $E$.

## 电子工程代写|计算数学基础代写Mathematical Foundations of Computing代考|Joint and Conditional Probability

$(1, a),(1, b),(1, c),(2, a),(2, b),(2, c),(3, a),(3, b) \$, \$(3, c)$. 如果这些事件是等概率的，则每个元组的概 率为 $\frac{1}{9}$. 让 $E=1,2$ 成为一个事件 $S_{1}$ 和 $F=b$ 成为一个事件 $S_{2}$. 那么，事件 $E F$ 由元组给出 $(1, b),(2, b)$ 并且有 概率 $\frac{1}{9}+\frac{1}{9}=\frac{2}{9}$.

## 电子工程代写|计算数学基础代写Mathematical Foundations of Computing代考|Bayes’s Rule

$$P_{S \times S}(F \mid E)=\frac{P_{S \times S}(E F)}{P_{S}(E)}$$

$$P(E F)=P(F \mid E) P(E)$$

$$P(E \mid F)=\frac{P(E F)}{P(F)}$$

$$P(E \mid F)=\frac{P(F \mid E)}{P(F)} P(E)$$

## 广义线性模型代考

statistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 电子工程代写|计算数学基础代写Mathematical Foundations of Computing代考|ECE3020

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写计算数学基础Mathematical Foundations of Computing方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写计算数学基础Mathematical Foundations of Computing方面经验极为丰富，各种代写计算数学基础Mathematical Foundations of Computing相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 电子工程代写|计算数学基础代写Mathematical Foundations of Computing代考|Axioms of Probability

One of the breakthroughs in modern mathematics was the realization that the theory of probability can be derived from just a handful of intuitively obvious axioms. Several variants of the axioms of probability are known. We present the three axioms as stated by Kolmogorov to emphasize the simplicity and elegance that lie at the heart of probability theory.

1. $0 \leq P(E) \leq 1$; that is, the probability of an event lies between 0 and 1 .
2. $P(S)=1$, that is, it is certain that at least some event in $S$ will occur.
3. Given a potentially infinite set of mutually exclusive events $E_{1}, E_{2}, \ldots$
$$P\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^{\infty} E_{i}\right)=\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} P\left(E_{i}\right)$$
That is, the probability that any one of the events in the set of mutually exclusive events occurs is the sum of their individual probabilities. For any finite set of $n$ mutually exclusive events, we can state the axiom equivalently as
$$P\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^{n} E_{i}\right)=\sum_{i=1}^{n} P\left(E_{i}\right)$$
An alternative form of axiom 3 is:
$$P\left(E_{1} \vee E_{2}\right)=P\left(E_{1}\right)+P\left(E_{2}\right)-P\left(E_{1} \wedge E_{2}\right)$$
This alternative form applies to non-mutually exclusive events.

## 电子工程代写|计算数学基础代写Mathematical Foundations of Computing代考|Subjective and Objective Probability

The axiomatic approach is indifferent as to how the probability of an event is determined. It turns out that there are two distinct ways in which to determine the probability of an event. In some cases, the probability of an event can be derived from counting arguments. For instance, given the roll of a fair die, we know that only six outcomes are possible and that all outcomes are equally likely, so that the probability of rolling, say, a 1 , is $1 / 6$. This is called its objective probability. Another way of computing objective probabilities is to define the probability of an event as being the limit of a counting process, as the next example shows.

Consider a measurement device that measures the packet header types of every packet that crosses a link. Suppose that during the course of a day, the device samples $1,000,000$ packets, of which 450,000 are UDP packets, 500,000 are TCP packets, and the rest are from other transport protocols. Given the large number of underlying observations, to a first approximation, we can consider the probability that a randomly selected packet uses the UDP protocol to be $450,000 / 1,000,000=0.45$. More precisely, we state
$$P(U D P)=\operatorname{Lim}_{t \rightarrow \infty}(\operatorname{UDPCoun} t(t)) /(\text { TotalPacket } \operatorname{Coun}(t)),$$
where UDPCount(t) is the number of UDP packets seen during a measurement interval of duration $t$, and TotalPacketCount $(t)$ is the total number of packets seen during the same measurement interval. Similarly, $P(T C P)=0.5$.

Note that in reality, the mathematical limit cannot be achieved, because no packet trace is infinite. Worse, over the course of a week or a month, the underlying workload could change, so that the limit may not even exist. Therefore, in practice, we are forced to choose “sufficiently large” packet counts and hope that the ratio thus computed corresponds to a probability. This approach is also called the frequentist approach to probability.

## 电子工程代写|计算数学基础代写Mathematical Foundations of Computing代考|Axioms of Probability

1. $0 \leq P(E) \leq 1$; 也就是说，事件的概率介于 0 和 1 之间。
2. $P(S)=1$ ，也就是说，可以肯定的是，至少有一些事件发生在 $S$ 会发生。
3. 给定一组可能无限的互斥事件 $E_{1}, E_{2}, \ldots$
$$P\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^{\infty} E_{i}\right)=\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} P\left(E_{i}\right)$$
也就是说，这组互斥事件中任何一个事件发生的概率是它们各自概率的总和。对于任何有限集 $n$ 互斥事件， 我们可以将公理等价地表述为
$$P\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^{n} E_{i}\right)=\sum_{i=1}^{n} P\left(E_{i}\right)$$
公理 3 的另一种形式是:
$$P\left(E_{1} \vee E_{2}\right)=P\left(E_{1}\right)+P\left(E_{2}\right)-P\left(E_{1} \wedge E_{2}\right)$$
这种替代形式适用于非互斥事件。

## 电子工程代写|计算数学基础代写Mathematical Foundations of Computing代考|Subjective and Objective Probability

$$P(U D P)=\operatorname{Lim}_{t \rightarrow \infty}(\operatorname{UDPCoun} t(t)) /(\text { TotalPacket Coun }(t)),$$

## 广义线性模型代考

statistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 电子工程代写|计算机及网络安全代写Computer and Network Security代考|CS155

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写计算机及网络安全Computer and Network Security方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写计算机及网络安全Computer and Network Security方面经验极为丰富，各种代写计算机及网络安全Computer and Network Security相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 电子工程代写|计算机及网络安全代写Computer and Network Security代考|Multiplexing of Transmission Signals

Quite often during the transmission of data over a network medium, the volume of transmitted data may far exceed the capacity of the medium. Whenever this happens, it may be possible to make multiple signal carriers share a transmission medium. This is referred to as multiplexing. There are two ways in which multiplexing can be achieved: time-division multiplexing (TMD) and frequency- division multiplexing (FDM).

In FDM, all data channels are first converted to analog form. Since a number of signals can be carried on a carrier, each analog signal is then modulated by a separate and different carrier frequency, and this makes their recovery possible during the demultiplexing process. The frequencies are then bundled on the carrier. At the receiving end, the demultiplexer can select the desired carrier signal and use it to extract the data signal for that channel in such a way that the bandwidths do not overlap. FDM has the advantage of supporting full-duplex communication.

TDM, on the other hand, works by dividing the channel into time slots that are allocated to the data streams before they are transmitted. At both ends of the transmission, if the sender and receiver agree on the time-slot assignments, then the receiver can easily recover and reconstruct the original data streams. Thus, multiple digital signals can be carried on one carrier by interleaving portions of each signal in time.

## 电子工程代写|计算机及网络安全代写Computer and Network Security代考|Wired Transmission Media

Wired transmission media are used in fixed networks physically connecting every network element. There are different types of physical media, the most common of which are copper wires, twisted pairs, coaxial cables, and optical fibers.

Copper Wires have been traditionally used in communication because of their low resistance to electrical currents that allows signals to travel even further. However, copper wires suffer interference from electromagnetic energy in the environment, and thus they must always be insulated.

Twisted Pair is a pair of wires consisting of one insulated copper wire wrapped around the other, forming frequent and numerous twists. Together, the twisted, insulated copper wires act as a full-duplex communication link. The twisting of the wires reduces the sensitivity of the cable to electromagnetic interference and also reduces the radiation of radio frequency noises that may interfere with nearby cables and electronic components. The capacity of the transmitting medium can be increased by bundling more than one pair of the twisted wires together in a protective coating. Because twisted pairs were far less expensive, easy to install, and had a high quality of voice data, they were widely used in telephone networks. However, because they are poor in upward scalability in transmission rate, distance, and bandwidth in LANs, twisted pair technology has been abandoned in favor of other technologies. Figure $1.8$ shows a twisted pair.

Coaxial Cables are dual-conductor cables with a shared inner conductor in the core of the cable protected by an insulation layer and the outer conductor surrounding the insulation. These cables are called coaxial because they share the inner conductor. The inner core conductor is usually made of solid copper wire but, at times, can also be made up of stranded wire. The outer conductor, which is made of braided wires, but sometimes made of metallic foil or both, commonly forms a protective tube around the inner conductor. This outer conductor is also further protected by annther outer enating called the sheath. Figure $1.9$ shows a enaxial eable. Coaxial cables are commonly used in television transmissions. Unlike twisted pairs, coaxial cables can be used over long distances. There are two types of coaxial cables: thinnet, a light and flexible cabling medium that is inexpensive and easy to install, and the thicknet, which is thicker and harder to break and can carry more signals for a longer distance than thinnet.

## 广义线性模型代考

statistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 电子工程代写|计算机及网络安全代写Computer and Network Security代考|ICCWS2022

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写计算机及网络安全Computer and Network Security方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写计算机及网络安全Computer and Network Security方面经验极为丰富，各种代写计算机及网络安全Computer and Network Security相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 电子工程代写|计算机及网络安全代写Computer and Network Security代考|Analog Encoding of Digital Data

Recall that digital information is in the form of $1 \mathrm{~s}$ and $0 \mathrm{~s}$. To send this information over some analog medium such as the telephone line, for example, which has limited bandwidth, digital data needs to be encoded using modulation and demodulation to produce analog signals. The encoding uses a continuous oscillating wave, usually a sine wave, with a constant frequency signal called a carrier signal.

The carrier has three modulation characteristics: amplitude, frequency, and phase shift. The scheme then uses a modem, a modulation-demodulation pair, to modulate and demodulate the data signal based on any one of the three carrier characteristics or a combination. The resulting wave is between a range of frequencies on both sides of the carrier, as shown below [1]:

• Amplitude modulation represents each binary value by a different amplitude of the carrier frequency. The absence of or low carrier frequency may represent a 0 , and any other frequency then represents a 1 . However, this is a rather inefficient modulation technique and is therefore used only at low frequencies up to 1200 bps in voice grade lines.
• Frequency modulation also represents the two binary values by two different frequencies close to the frequency of the underlying carrier. Higher frequencies represent a 1 , and low frequencies represent a 0 . The scheme is less susceptible to errors.
• Phase shift modulation changes the timing of the carrier wave, shifting the carrier phase to encode the data. A 1 is encoded as a change in phase by $180^{\circ}$, and a 0 may be encoded as a 0 change in phase of a carrier signal. This is the most efficient scheme of the three, and it can reach a transmission rate of up to 9600 bps.

## 电子工程代写|计算机及网络安全代写Computer and Network Security代考|Digital Encoding of Digital Data

In this encoding scheme, which offers the most common and easiest way to transmit digital signals, two binary digits are used to represent two different voltages. Within a computer, these voltages are commonly 0 and 5 volts. Another procedure uses two representation codes: nonreturn to zero level $(N R Z-L)$, in which negative voltage represents binary one and positive voltage represents binary zero, and nonreturn to zero, invert on ones (NRZ-I). See Figs. $1.6$ and $1.7$ for an example of these two codes. In NRZ-L, whenever a 1 occurs, a transition from one voltage level to another is used to signal the information. One problem with NRZ signaling techniques is the requirement of a perfect synchronization between the receiver and transmitter clocks. This is, however, reduced by sending a separate clock signal. There are yet other representations such as the Manchester and differential Manchester, which encode clock information along with the data.

One may wonder, why go through the hassle of digital encoding and transmission? There are several advantages over its cousin, analog encoding. These include the following:

• Plummeting costs of digital circuitry
• More efficient integration of voice, video, text, and images
• Reduction of noise and other signal impairment because of the use of repeaters
• The capacity of channels is utilized best with digital techniques
• Better encryption and hence better security than in analog transmission

## 电子工程代写|计算机及网络安全代写Computer and Network Security代考|Analog Encoding of Digital Data

• 幅度调制通过载波频率的不同幅度来表示每个二进制值。载波频率的缺失或低可以表示 0 ，而任何其他频率则表示 1 。然而，这是一种相当低效的调制技术，因此仅用于语音等级线路中高达 1200 bps 的低频。
• 频率调制还通过接近底层载波频率的两个不同频率来表示两个二进制值。高频代表 1 ，低频代表 0 。该方案不易出错。
• 相移调制改变载波的时序，移动载波相位以对数据进行编码。A 1 被编码为相位变化180∘，并且0可以被编码为载波信号的相位变化0。这是三者中效率最高的方案，它可以达到高达 9600 bps 的传输速率。

## 电子工程代写|计算机及网络安全代写Computer and Network Security代考|Digital Encoding of Digital Data

• 数字电路成本直线下降
• 更高效的语音、视频、文本和图像的集成
• 由于使用中继器，减少了噪音和其他信号损伤
• 数字技术最好地利用信道容量
• 比模拟传输更好的加密，因此更好的安全性

## 广义线性模型代考

statistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 电子工程代写|计算机及网络安全代写Computer and Network Security代考|ClS654

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写计算机及网络安全Computer and Network Security方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写计算机及网络安全Computer and Network Security方面经验极为丰富，各种代写计算机及网络安全Computer and Network Security相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 电子工程代写|计算机及网络安全代写Computer and Network Security代考|Computer Network Models

There are several configuration models that form a computer network. The most common of these are the centralized and distributed models. In a centralized model, several computers and devices are interconnected and can talk to each other. However, there is only one central computer, called the master, through which all correspondence must take place. Dependent computers, called surrogates, may have reduced local resources, such as memory, and sharable global resources are controlled by the master at the center. Unlike the centralized model, however, the distributed network consists of loosely coupled computers interconnected by a communication network consisting of connecting elements and communication channels. The computers themselves may own their resources locally or may request resources from a remote computer. These computers are known by a string of names, including host, client, or node. If a host has resources that other hosts need, then that host is known as a server. Communication and sharing of resources are not controlled by the central computer but are arranged between any two communicating elements in the network. Figures $1.2$ and $1.3$ show a centralized network model and a distributed network model, respectively.

A computer network with two or more computers or clusters of network and their resources connected by a communication medium sharing communication protocols and confined in a small geographic area, such as a building floor, a building, or a few adjacent buildings, is called a local area network (LAN). The advantage of a LAN is that all network elements are close together, and thus the communication links maintain a higher speed of data movement. Also, because of the proximity of the communicating elements, high-cost and high-quality communicating elements can be used to deliver better service and high reliability. Figure $1.4$ shows a LAN.

## 电子工程代写|计算机及网络安全代写Computer and Network Security代考|Transmission Technology

The media through which information has to be transmitted determine the signal to be used. Some media permit only analog signals. Some allow both analog and digital. Therefore, depending on the media type involved and other considerations, the input data can be repreesenteed as either a digital or an analog signal. In an analog format, data is sent as continuous electromagnetic waves on an interval representing things such as voice and video and propagated over a variety of media that may include copper wires, a twisted coaxial pair or cable, fiber optics, or wireless. We will discuss these media later in the chapter. In a digital format, on the other hand, data is sent as a digital signal, a sequencé of voltage pulses that can be reepreesenteed as a stream of binary bits. Both analog and digital data can be propagated and oftentimes represented as either analog or digital.

Transmission itself is the propagation and processing of data signals between network elements. The concept of representation of data for transmission, either as an analog or a digital signal, is called an encoding scheme. Encoded data is then transmitted over a suitable transmission medium that connects all network elements. There are two encoding schemes, analog and digital. Analog encoding propagates analog signals representing analog data such as sound waves and voice data. Digital encoding, on the other hand, propagates digital signals representing either an analog or a digital signal representing digital data of binary streams by two voltage levels. Since our interest in this book is in digital networks, we will focus on the encoding of digital data.

## 广义线性模型代考

statistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 电子工程代写|并行计算代写Parallel Computing代考|CSE179

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写并行计算Parallel Computing方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写并行计算Parallel Computing方面经验极为丰富，各种代写并行计算Parallel Computing相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 电子工程代写|并行计算代写Parallel Computing代考|The Three Layers of Parallelism

There used to be a time where the increase of transistors materialised primarily in new compute features and, at the same time, it paired up with higher and higher frequencies. Nowadays, we still see an increase of the transistor count, but the frequency (speed of individual transistors) stagnates or is even reduced.

With Moore’s law continuing to hold and a break-down of Dennard scaling (frequency cannot be increased anymore at a given power envelope per transistor), there is a “new” kid on the block that helps us to build more powerful computers. This one eventually allows Computational $\mathrm{X}$ to run more challenging simulations. Actually, there are three new kids around that dominate code development today (Fig. 2.2). However, they all are flavours of one common pattern:

1. The parallelism in the computer increases, as modern computers still can do one addition or multiplication or …on one or two pieces of data in one (abstract) step. ${ }^{2}$ They apply with the same operation to a whole vector of entries in one rush. We call this vector parallelism.
2. The parallelism in the computer increases, as modern CPUs do not only host one core but an ensemble of cores per chip. Since this multicore idea implies that all cores share their memory we call this shared memory parallelism.
3. The parallelism in the computer increases, as modern modern supercomputers consist of thousands of compute nodes. A compute nodes is our term for a classic computer which “speaks” to other computers via a network. Since the individual nodes are independent computers, they do not share their memory. Each one has memory of its own. We therefore call this distributed memory parallelism.

The three levels of parallelism have different potential to speed up calculations. This potential depends on the character of the underlying calculations as well as on the hardware, while the boundaries in-between the parallelism flavours are often blurred.

## 电子工程代写|并行计算代写Parallel Computing代考|The N-Body Problem

Given are $N$ bodies (planets, e.g.) out there in space. They interact with each other through gravity. Let body 1 be described by its position $p_{1}=\left(p_{x, 1}, p_{y, 1}, p_{z, 1}\right)^{T} \in$ $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ (a vector) and its mass $m_{1}$. Furthermore, it has a certain velocity $v_{1}=$ $\left(v_{x}, 1, v_{y, 1}, v_{z, 1}\right)^{T} \in \mathbb{R}^{3}$ which is a vector again. Body 2 is defined analogously. Body 1 experiences a force
$$F_{1}=G \frac{m_{1} \cdot m_{2}}{\left|p_{1}-p_{2}\right|{2}^{2}} \cdot \frac{\left(p{2}-p_{1}\right)}{\left|p_{1}-p_{2}\right|{2}} .$$ If there are more than two objects, then Body 1 also gets a contribution from Body 3,4 , and so forth. The forces simply sum up. We furthermore know that \begin{aligned} &\partial{t} v_{1}(t)=\frac{F_{1}}{m_{1}} \text { and } \ &\partial_{t} p_{1}(t)-v_{1}(t) . \end{aligned}
This is a complete mathematical model of the reality. It highlights in (3.2) and (3.3) that velocity and position of our object depend on time. These equations are our whole theory of how the world out there in space behaves (cmp. Chap. 1) in a Newton sense. Einstein has later revised this model. ${ }^{2}$

The expressions $\partial_{t} y(t)=\frac{\partial}{\partial t} y(t)$ both denote the derivation of a function $y(t)$. Often, we drop the ( $t$ ) parameter-we have already done so for $F$ above. For the second derivative, there are various notations that all mean the same: $\partial_{t} \partial_{t} y=\partial_{t t} y=\frac{\partial \partial}{\partial t \partial t} y$. I often use $\partial_{t}^{(2)}$. This notation makes it easy to specify arbitrary high derivatives.Besides $\partial_{t}, \mathrm{I}$ also use $\mathrm{d}{t}$. This is in line with a lot of literature in mathematics and physics. There is no difference between the two of them as long as we deal with a plain function $f(t)$ only. However, if we have an $f(t, x(t))$ with two arguments where both arguments depend on $t \longrightarrow$ one of them is the $t$, the other one accepts $t$ as argument-then $\partial{t}$ is the derivative where we alter the direct $t$ argument only. $\partial_{x}$ or $\partial_{x(t)}$ is the derivative w.r.t. the second variable. They both are partial derivatives. They look “in one direction”.

## 电子工程代写|并行计算代写Parallel Computing代考|The Three Layers of Parallelism

1. 计算机中的并行性增加了，因为现代计算机仍然可以在一个（抽象）步骤中对一个或两个数据进行一次加法或乘法运算或……。2它们以相同的操作一次性应用于整个条目向量。我们称之为向量并行。
2. 计算机中的并行性增加了，因为现代 CPU 不仅拥有一个内核，而且每个芯片拥有一组内核。由于这种多核思想意味着所有内核共享它们的内存，我们称之为共享内存并行。
3. 随着现代现代超级计算机由数千个计算节点组成，计算机中的并行性增加了。计算节点是我们对经典计算机的术语，它通过网络与其他计算机“对话”。由于各个节点是独立的计算机，它们不共享它们的内存。每个人都有自己的记忆。因此，我们称这种分布式内存并行。

## 电子工程代写|并行计算代写Parallel Computing代考|The N-Body Problem

$$F_{1}=G \frac{m_{1} \cdot m_{2}}{\left|p_{1}-p_{2}\right| 2^{2}} \cdot \frac{\left(p 2-p_{1}\right)}{\left|p_{1}-p_{2}\right| 2} .$$

$$\partial t v_{1}(t)=\frac{F_{1}}{m_{1}} \text { and } \quad \partial_{t} p_{1}(t)-v_{1}(t) .$$

## 广义线性模型代考

statistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 电子工程代写|并行计算代写Parallel Computing代考|CSC267

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写并行计算Parallel Computing方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写并行计算Parallel Computing方面经验极为丰富，各种代写并行计算Parallel Computing相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 电子工程代写|并行计算代写Parallel Computing代考|Moore’s Law

For decades, computational scientists have been in a comfortable situation: They wrote code and made this code fast on a particular architecture. Everybody knew that architectures evolve kind of continuously, i.e. with every new generation of machines “old”ish codes ran faster, too. They might not benefit from the latest hardware features, but there was a performance improvement. Some people claim this were Moore’s law, which is not correct. Let’s revisit this “law”‘ :

Gordon Moore, one of the co-founders of Intel, observed that the cost to put transistors onto a chip decreases if we squeeze more transistors on the circuit. From a certain point on, however, the manufacturing cost rises again, since the integration of all the transistors becomes expensive. Consequently, there’s a sweet spot: a magic number of transistors per chip where the chip is most profitable. Moore observed that the “complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two per year”. So the number of transistors on a chip around the sweet spot grows exponentially according to this law. The manufacturing sweet spot moves and therefore vendor designs move with the spot.

Intel’s executive David House later corrected the statement-to 18 months-so it is even more aggressive, while Carver Mead from CalTech coined the term “Moore’s Law”. Today, the law continues to hold though the rate of the increase has slowed down (Fig. 2.1).For simulation codes as we have sketched them before, it is not directly clear why the transistor count makes a difference. We are interested in speed. However, there is a correlation: First, vendors use the opportunity to have more transistors to allow the computer to do more powerful things. A computer architecture provides some services (certain types of calculations). With more transistors, we can offer more of these calculation types, i.e. broaden the service set. Furthermore, vendors use the opportunity to squeeze more cores onto the chip. Finally, the more of transistors historically did go hand in hand with a shrinkage of the transistors.

## 电子工程代写|并行计算代写Parallel Computing代考|Dennard Scaling

Definition $2.1$ (Dennard scaling) The power cost $P$ to drive a transistor follows roughly
$$P=\alpha \cdot C F V^{2}$$
This law is called Dennard scaling.
$C$ is the capacitance, i.e. encodes the size of the individual transistors. I use $C$ here for historic reasons. In the remainder of this manuscript, $C$ is some generic constant without a particular meaning. $F$ is the frequency and $V$ the voltage. $\alpha$ is some fixed constant so we can safely skip it in our follow-up discussions. Note that the original Dennard scaling ignores that we also have some leakage. Leakage did not play a major role when the law was formulated in $1974 .$

Dennard’s scaling law is all about power. For both chip designers and computing centres buying and running chips, controlling the power envelope of a chip is a sine qua non, as

• buying power is expensive, and as
• a chip “converts” power into heat. To get the heat out of the system again requires even more power to drive fans, pumps and cooling liquids. But if we don’t get it out of the system on time, the chip will eventually melt down.

While we want to bring the power needs down, we still want a computer to be as capable as possible. That means, it should be able to do as many calculations per seconds as possible. The Dennard scaling tells us that we have only three degrees of freedom:

1. Reduce the voltage. This is clearly the gold solution as the $V$ term enters the equation squared. Reducing the voltage however is not trivial: If we reduce it too much, the transistors don’t switch reliably anymore. As long as we need a reliable chip, i.e. a chip that always gives us the right answer, we work already close to the minimum voltage limit with modern architectures.
2. Reduce the transistor size. Chip vendors always try to decrease transistor sizes with the launch of most new chip factories or assembly lines. Unfortunately, this option now is, more or less, maxed out. You can’t go below a few atoms. A further shrinkage of transistors means that the reliability of the machine starts to suffer-we ultimately might have to add additional transistors to handle the errors which once more need energy. Most importantly, smaller chips are more expensive to build (if they have to meet high quality constraints) which makes further shrinking less attractive.
3. Reduce the frequency. If we reduce the frequency, we usually also get away with a slightly lower voltage, so this amplifies the savings effect further. However, we want to have a faster transistor, not a slower one!

## 电子工程代写|并行计算代写Parallel Computing代考|Dennard Scaling

C是电容，即编码单个晶体管的大小。我用C出于历史原因。在这份手稿的其余部分，C是一些没有特定含义的通用常数。F是频率和在电压。一个是一些固定常数，因此我们可以在后续讨论中安全地跳过它。请注意，原始的 Dennard 缩放忽略了我们也有一些泄漏。在制定法律时，泄漏并没有起主要作用1974.

• 购买力是昂贵的，并且作为
• 芯片将功率“转换”为热量。要再次将热量从系统中排出，需要更多的功率来驱动风扇、泵和冷却液。但如果我们不按时将其从系统中取出，芯片最终会熔化。

1. 降低电压。这显然是黄金解决方案在项进入方程的平方。然而，降低电压并非易事：如果我们降低太多，晶体管将不再可靠地切换。只要我们需要一个可靠的芯片，即总是给我们正确答案的芯片，我们的工作就已经接近现代架构的最低电压限制。
2. 减小晶体管尺寸。随着大多数新芯片工厂或装配线的推出，芯片供应商总是试图减小晶体管尺寸。不幸的是，这个选项现在或多或少地被最大化了。你不能低于几个原子。晶体管的进一步缩小意味着机器的可靠性开始受到影响——我们最终可能不得不添加额外的晶体管来处理再次需要能量的错误。最重要的是，较小的芯片制造成本更高（如果它们必须满足高质量的限制），这使得进一步缩小的吸引力降低。
3. 减少频率。如果我们降低频率，我们通常也会使用稍低的电压，因此这会进一步放大节能效果。但是，我们想要更快的晶体管，而不是更慢的晶体管！

## 广义线性模型代考

statistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 电子工程代写|并行计算代写Parallel Computing代考|CS525

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写并行计算Parallel Computing方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写并行计算Parallel Computing方面经验极为丰富，各种代写并行计算Parallel Computing相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 电子工程代写|并行计算代写Parallel Computing代考|A Third Pillar

The two pillars as we have introduced them so far are barely enough to explain how we advance in science and engineering today.

• Some experiments are economically infeasible. If we want to design the next generation of jumbo jets, we might want to put each model into a wind tunnel to see whether it does take off. But fuelling a wind tunnel (in particular on a reasonable scale) is extremely expensive.
• Some experiments are ethically inappropriate. If we design novel ways of radiation treatment, it would not be ethical to try this out with patients in a trial-and-error fashion. Another example: If we construct a new bridge, we don’t want the first cars driving over this bridge to be Guinea pigs.
• Some experiments are ecologically dubious. If we design novel nuclear reactors, we don’t want to rely on trial-and-error when it comes to security.
• Some experiments are by construction impossible. If we make up new theories about the Big Bang, we are lost with our two pillar model: we will likely never be able to run a small, experimental Big Bang.
• Some equations are so complex that we cannot solve them (analytically). For many setups, we have good mathematical models. Maybe, we can even make claims about the existence and properties of solutions to these models. But that does not always mean that the maths gives us a constructive answer, i.e. can tell us what the solution to our model is.

This list is certainly not comprehensive. Its last point is particularly intriguing in modern science: We have some complex equations comprising a term $u(x)$. Let this $u(x)$ be the quantity that we are in interested in. Yet, we cannot transform this formula into something written as $u(x)=\ldots$ with no $u(x)$ on the right-hand side. That is, even when we have $x$, we still do not know $u(x)$ directly.

## 电子工程代写|并行计算代写Parallel Computing代考|Computational X

We call the disciplines $\mathrm{X}$ that rely on computer simulations Computational $\mathrm{X}$. There’s Computational Engineering, Computational Physics, Computational Chemistry, Computational Biology, and so forth. We often use Computational Science and Engineering (CSE or CS\&E) as an umbrella term covering all the different flavours. Today, this is a little bit of an old-fashioned phrase, since we don’t want to exclude Computational Medicine, Computational Finances and so forth. They all share similar challenges. Lacking a better term, let’s stick to CSE.

A typical project in Computational $\mathrm{X}$ brings together expertise and skills from three traditional areas: the application discipline, Mathematics and Computer Science (Fig. 1.3). The term CSE thus covers a broad church of challenges:

1. The modelling of physics or application knowledge with mathematical equations;
2. the transcription of these equations into something (other equations) that a computer can solve. Often that means breaking down an infinite fine (continuous) model into a finite number of equations;
3. the analysis of these equations: do they have a solution, how reliable is an (approximate) solution, and so forth;
4. the design of an algorithms solving these equations;
5. the analysis of these algorithms: how expensive will it be to run them, i.e. what’s the algorithmic complexity, e.g.;
6. the coding of these algorithms;
7. the systematic testing of these codes;
8. the performance optimisation to make the codes run fast and scale on big machines;
9. the input and output data management;
10. the postprocessing ranging from visualisation to pattern searches within outputs;

11. This sequence and variants thereof are called the simulation pipeline. I give a first, simple example of the most prominent steps within this pipeline in Chap. 3. I personally dislike the term pipeline. It suggests-similar to the term waterfall in software development-some kind of sequentiality. In practice, we jump around and even make excursions into the theory and experiment world.

## 电子工程代写|并行计算代写Parallel Computing代考|A Third Pillar

• 有些实验在经济上是不可行的。如果我们想设计下一代大型喷气式飞机，我们可能希望将每个模型放入风洞中，看看它是否能起飞。但是为风洞加油（特别是在合理的规模上）非常昂贵。
• 有些实验在伦理上是不恰当的。如果我们设计出新颖的放射治疗方法，那么以试错的方式对患者进行尝试是不道德的。另一个例子：如果我们建造一座新桥，我们不希望第一辆驶过这座桥的汽车是豚鼠。
• 一些实验在生态上是可疑的。如果我们设计新颖的核反应堆，我们不想在安全方面依赖反复试验。
• 有些实验在构造上是不可能的。如果我们对大爆炸提出新的理论，我们就会迷失在我们的两个支柱模型中：我们可能永远无法进行一次小型的实验性大爆炸。
• 有些方程非常复杂，我们无法（分析地）求解它们。对于许多设置，我们有很好的数学模型。也许，我们甚至可以声称这些模型的解决方案的存在和属性。但这并不总是意味着数学会给我们一个建设性的答案，即可以告诉我们模型的解决方案是什么。

## 电子工程代写|并行计算代写Parallel Computing代考|Computational X

1. 用数学方程对物理或应用知识进行建模；
2. 将这些方程转录成计算机可以求解的东西（其他方程）。这通常意味着将无限精细（连续）模型分解为有限数量的方程；
3. 对这些方程的分析：它们是否有解，（近似）解的可靠性等；
4. 设计求解这些方程的算法；
5. 对这些算法的分析：运行它们的成本是多少，即算法的复杂性是多少，例如；
6. 这些算法的编码；
7. 对这些代码进行系统测试；
8. 性能优化，使代码在大型机器上快速运行并扩展；
9. 输入输出数据管理；
10. 从可视化到输出中的模式搜索的后处理；

11. 这个序列及其变体被称为模拟管道。我在第一章中给出了这个管道中最突出的步骤的第一个简单示例。3. 我个人不喜欢管道这个词。它暗示了——类似于软件开发中的术语瀑布——某种顺序性。在实践中，我们跳来跳去，甚至进入理论和实验世界。

## 广义线性模型代考

statistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 电子工程代写|数据管理和数据系统代写Data Management and Data Systems代考|DATA5001

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写数据管理和数据系统Data Management and Data Systems方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写数据管理和数据系统Data Management and Data Systems方面经验极为丰富，各种代写数据管理和数据系统Data Management and Data Systems相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 电子工程代写|数据管理和数据系统代写Data Management and Data Systems代考|Support Vector Machine-Decision Tree

In proposed work, hybrid SVM-based decision tree has been introduced to obtain best classification result and to speeding up the process. SVM make pattern recognition and could do data analysis as possible. Regression analysis and the classification are being carried out using Support Vector Machine. Thus the result got from applying SVM would act as a decision-making model. Support vector machine represented in short form as SVM is one among supervised learning mechanisms in computer science and the statistics. Support Vector Machine intent in analyzing the data and for recognizing the patterns. It may deal by individually with the classification and also regression analysis. Data would linearly that are separable which makes the researchers by means of identifying both hyperplanes in margin. This evaluation purely depends on the method in no points present in between and it may maximize distance among all. SVM might help in splitting the data having hyperplane and would also extend nonlinear boundaries by means of kernel trick. SVM would do classification method by correct in terms of classifying data present. It is also been described mathematically as following:
\begin{aligned} &x_{i} \cdot w+b \geq+1 \text { for } y_{i}=+1 \ &x_{i} \cdot w+b \leq-1 \text { for } y_{i}–1 \end{aligned}
Above equations may also combine in forming one set of the differences as shown below,
$$y_{i}\left(x_{i} \cdot w+b\right)-1 \geq 0 \quad \forall i$$
Thus,
$x$ denotes vector point
$w$ denotes weight parameter as vector.

## 电子工程代写|数据管理和数据系统代写Data Management and Data Systems代考|Time complexity

The system works well, thus algorithm would provide the lower complexity values and it is illustrated in Fig. $3 .$

From Fig. 4, it has been noted that comparison metric is analyzed by the existing and the proposed method by means of the time complexity. In $\mathrm{x}$-axis, algorithms are been taken and in $y$-axis time complexity value has been plotted. The existing method may provide high time complexity, while proposing system might provide low time complexity for inputting data. The proposing SVM-DT approach is used for selecting the good rules among all. At last, these rules are to be applied on train and test phase in the aim of producing highly more related data on the time series dataset. The result has proven that the introducing system would attain higher classification results with SVM-DT mechanism. Thus introduced SVM-DT is assumed as superior to previous one namely the SVM, the ARM and the SWT-IARM with ESVM algorithms (Fig. 4).
From the above draw chart, rules are generated by the existing and the proposed algorithms have been made to compared and showed. For $x$-axis, algorithms are been taken and in the $y$-axis, rule discovery value is placed. The proposing SVM-DT would provide very low number of the rules and thus it proven the superior time series classification.

In this system, time series dataset is made to evaluate by using an efficient techniques. The indexing approach is focus on increasing the similarity and the faster access. The time required for constructing data series index which evolve to prohibitive as data grows, and they might consume less amount of time for the large sizing data series. In this preprocessing has been taken place as first step by means of Kalman filtering. Then it is applicable for hybrid segmentation process by means of combining the clustering approaches and particle swarm optimization methodologies. Finally SVMDT stands for Support vector Machine-Decision Tree has been applied to carry out an effective sequence mining and thus obtains the better classification output.

In future work, a new system will develop by means of various data mining approached in terms of increasing the accuracy and reducing the time complexity as compared to this introduced system.

## 电子工程代写|数据管理和数据系统代写Data Management and Data Systems代考|Support Vector Machine-Decision Tree

$$x_{i} \cdot w+b \geq+1 \text { for } y_{i}=+1 \quad x_{i} \cdot w+b \leq-1 \text { for } y_{i}-1$$

$$y_{i}\left(x_{i} \cdot w+b\right)-1 \geq 0 \quad \forall i$$

$x$ 表示向量点
$w$ 将权重参数表示为向量。

## 广义线性模型代考

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## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。