## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|MATH7232

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写线性规划Linear Programming方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写线性规划Linear Programming代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写线性规划Linear Programming相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Basic Feasible Solutions

Consider the system of equalities
$$\mathbf{A x}=\mathbf{b},$$
where $\mathbf{x}$ is an $n$-vector, $\mathbf{b}$ is an $m$-vector, and $\mathbf{A}$ is an $m \times n$ matrix. Suppose that from the $n$ columns of $\mathbf{A}$ we select a set of $m$ linearly independent columns (such a set exists if the rank of $\mathbf{A}$ is $m$ ). For notational simplicity assume that we select the first $m$ columns of $\mathbf{A}$ and denote the $m \times m$ matrix determined by these columns by B. The matrix $\mathbf{B}$ is then nonsingular and we may uniquely solve the equation.
$$\mathbf{B x}{\mathbf{B}}=\mathbf{b} \quad \text { or } \quad \mathbf{x}{\mathbf{B}}=\mathbf{B}^{-1} \mathbf{b}$$
for the $m$-vector $\mathbf{x}{\mathbf{B}}$ whose components are associated with the columns of submatrix $\mathbf{B}$ according to the same index order. By putting $\mathbf{x}=\left(\mathbf{x}{\mathbf{B}}, \mathbf{0}\right)$ (that is, setting the first $m$ components of $\mathbf{x}$ equal to those of $\mathbf{x}{\mathbf{B}}$ and the remaining components equal to zero), we obtain a solution to $\mathbf{A x}=\mathbf{b}$. This leads to the following definition. Definition Given the set of $m$ simultaneous linear equations in $n$ unknowns (2.10), let $\mathbf{B}$ be any nonsingular $m \times m$ submatrix made up of columns of $\mathbf{A}$. Then, if all $n-m$ components of $\mathbf{x}$ not associated with columns of $\mathbf{B}$ are set equal to zero, the solution to the resulting set of equations is said to be a basic solution to (2.10) with respect to basis $\mathbf{B}$. The components of $\mathbf{x}$ associated with the columns of $\mathbf{B}$. denoted by subvector $\mathbf{X}{\mathbf{R}}$ according to the same column index order in $\mathbf{B}$ throughout this book, are called basic variables.
In the above definition we refer to $\mathbf{B}$ as a basis, since $\mathbf{B}$ consists of $m$ linearly independent columns that can be regarded as a basis for the space $E^{m}$. The basic solution corresponds to an expression for the vector $\mathbf{b}$ as a linear combination of these basis vectors. This interpretation is discussed further in the next section.

In general, of course, Eq. (2.10) may have no basic solutions. However, we may avoid trivialities and difficulties of a nonessential nature by making certain elementary assumptions regarding the structure of the matrix $\mathbf{A}$. First, we usually assume that $n>m$, that is, the number of variables $x_{j}$ exceeds the number of equality constraints. Second, we usually assume that the rows of $\mathbf{A}$ are linearly independent, corresponding to linear independence of the $m$ equations. A linear dependency among the rows of $\mathbf{A}$ would lead either to contradictory constraints and hence no solutions to $(2.10)$, or to a redundancy that could be eliminated. Formally, we explicitly make the following assumption in our development, unless noted otherwise.

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|The Fundamental Theorem of Linear Programming

In this section, through the fundamental theorem of linear programming, we establish the primary importance of basic feasible solutions in solving linear programs. The method of proof of the theorem is in many respects as important as the result itself, since it represents the beginning of the development of the simplex method. The theorem (due to Carathéodory) itself shows that it is necessary only to consider basic feasible solutions when seeking an optimal solution to a linear program because the optimal value is always achieved at such a solution.
Corresponding to a linear program in standard form
\begin{aligned} &\operatorname{minimize} \mathbf{c}^{T} \mathbf{x} \ &\text { subject to } \mathbf{A x}=\mathbf{b}, \mathbf{x} \geqslant \mathbf{0} \end{aligned}
a feasible solution to the constraints that achieves the minimum value of the objective function subject to those constraints is said to be an optimal feasible solution. If this solution is basic, it is an optimal basic feasible solution.
Fundamental Theorem of Linear Programming Given a linear program in standard form (2.13) where $\mathbf{A}$ is an $m \times n$ matrix of rank $m$,
i) if there is a feasible solution, there is a basic feasible solution;
ii) if there is an optimal feasible solution, there is an optimal basic feasible solution.
Proof of (i) Denote the columns of $\mathbf{A}$ by $\mathbf{a}{1}, \mathbf{a}{2}, \ldots, \mathbf{a}{n}$. Suppose $\mathbf{x}=$ $\left(x{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)$ is a feasible solution. Then, in terms of the columns of $\mathbf{A}$, this solution satisfies:
$$x_{1} \mathbf{a}{1}+x{2} \mathbf{a}{2}+\cdots+x{n} \mathbf{a}{n}=\mathbf{b} .$$ Assume that exactly $p$ of the variables $x{i}$ are greater than zero, and for convenience, that they are the first $p$ variables. Thus
$$x_{1} \mathbf{a}{1}+x{2} \mathbf{a}{2}+\cdots+x{p} \mathbf{a}_{p}=\mathbf{b}$$

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Basic Feasible Solutions

$$\mathbf{A} \mathbf{x}=\mathbf{b},$$

$$\mathbf{B} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{B}=\mathbf{b} \quad \text { or } \quad \mathbf{x B}=\mathbf{B}^{-1} \mathbf{b}$$

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|The Fundamental Theorem of Linear Programming

minimize $\mathbf{c}^{T} \mathbf{x} \quad$ subject to $\mathbf{A} \mathbf{x}=\mathbf{b}, \mathbf{x} \geqslant \mathbf{0}$

i) 如果有可行的解决方案，则有一个基本的可行解决方案；
ii) 如果有最佳的可行解决方案，则有一个最佳的基本可行解决方案。
(i) 表示的证明 $\mathbf{A}$ 经过 $\mathbf{a} 1, \mathbf{a} 2, \ldots, \mathbf{a}$. 认为 $\mathbf{x}=\left(x 1, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}\right)$ 是一个可行的解决方案。然后，就 $\mathbf{A}$ ，该解 决方案满足:
$$x_{1} \mathbf{a} 1+x 2 \mathbf{a} 2+\cdots+x n \mathbf{a} n=\mathbf{b} .$$

$$x_{1} \mathbf{a} 1+x 2 \mathbf{a} 2+\cdots+x p \mathbf{a}_{p}=\mathbf{b}$$

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|MA3212

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写线性规划Linear Programming方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写线性规划Linear Programming代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写线性规划Linear Programming相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Iterative Algorithms and Convergence

The most important characteristic of a high-speed computer is its ability to perform repetitive operations efficiently, and in order to exploit this basic characteristic, most algorithms designed to solve large optimization problems are iterative in nature. Typically, in seeking a vector that solves the programming problem, an initial vector $\mathbf{x}{0}$ is selected and the algorithm generates an improved vector $\mathbf{x}{1}$. The process is repeated and a still better solution $\mathbf{x}{2}$ is found. Continuing in this fashion, a sequence of ever-improving points $\mathbf{x}{0}, \mathbf{x}{1}, \ldots, \mathbf{x}{k}, \ldots$, is found that approaches a solution point $\mathbf{x}^{*}$. For linear programming problems solved by the simplex method, the generated sequence is of finite length, reaching the solution point exactly after a finite (although initially unspecified) number of steps. For nonlinear programming problems or interior-point methods, the sequence generally does not ever exactly reach the solution point, but converges toward it. In operation, the process is terminated when a point sufficiently close to the solution point, say with at most a positive number $\epsilon(<1)$ error for practical purposes, is obtained (a solution with error $\epsilon=0$ is an exact solution).

The theory of iterative algorithms can be divided into two aspects. The first is concerned with the creation of the algorithms themselves. Algorithms are not conceived arbitrarily, but are based on a creative examination of the programming problem, its inherent structure, and the efficiencies of digital computers. The second aspect is the verification that a given algorithm will in fact generate a sequence that converges to a solution point. This aspect is referred to as global convergence, since it addresses the important question of whether the point sequence generated by an algorithm, when initiated far from the solution point, will eventually converge to it, and at what speed the sequence converges to the solution. One cannot regard a problem as solved simply because an algorithm is known which will converge to the solution, since it may require an exorbitant amount of time to reduce the error to an acceptable tolerance. It is essential when prescribing algorithms that some estimate of the time required is available. It is the convergence-rate aspect of the theory that allows some quantitative evaluation and comparison of different algorithms, and at least crudely, assigns a measure of tractability to a problem, as discussed in Sect.

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Examples of Linear Programming Problems

Linear programming has long proved its merit as a significant model of numerous allocation problems and economic phenomena. The continuously expanding literature of applications repeatedly demonstrates the importance of linear programming as a general framework for problem formulation. In this section we present some classic examples of situations that have natural formulations.

Example 1 (The Diet Problem) How can we determine the most economical diet that satisfies the basic minimum nutritional requirements for good health? Such a problem might, for example, be faced by the dietitian of a large army. We assume that there are available at the market $n$ different foods and that the $j$ th food sells at a price $c_{j}$ per unit. In addition there are $m$ basic nutritional ingredients and, to achieve a balanced diet, each individual must receive at least $b_{i}$ units of the $i$ th nutrient per day. Finally, we assume that each unit of food $j$ contains $a_{i j}$ units of the $i$ th nutrient.

If we denote by $x_{j}$ the number of units of food $j$ in the diet, the problem then is to select the $x_{j}$ ‘s to minimize the total cost
$$c_{1} x_{1}+c_{2} x_{2}+\cdots+c_{n} x_{n}$$
subject to the nutritional constraints
$$a_{i 1} x_{1}+a_{i 2} x_{2}+\cdots+a_{i n} x_{n} \geqslant b_{i}, i=1, \ldots, m,$$
and the nonnegativity constraints
$$x_{1} \geqslant 0, x_{2} \geqslant 0, \ldots, x_{n} \geqslant 0$$
on the food quantities.
This problem can be converted to standard form by subtracting a nonnegative surplus variable from the left side of each of the $m$ linear inequalities. The diet problem is discussed further in Chap. $3 .$

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Examples of Linear Programming Problems

$$c_{1} x_{1}+c_{2} x_{2}+\cdots+c_{n} x_{n}$$
subject to the nutritional constraints
$$a_{i 1} x_{1}+a_{i 2} x_{2}+\cdots+a_{i n} x_{n} \geqslant b_{i}, i=1, \ldots, m,$$
and the nonnegativity constraints
$$x_{1} \geqslant 0, x_{2} \geqslant 0, \ldots, x_{n} \geqslant 0$$

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|MAT2200

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写线性规划Linear Programming方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写线性规划Linear Programming代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写线性规划Linear Programming相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Unconstrained Problems

It may seem that unconstrained optimization problems are so devoid of structural properties as to preclude their applicability as useful models of meaningful problems. Quite the contrary is true for two reasons. First, it can be argued, quite convincingly, that if the scope of a problem is broadened to the consideration of all relevant decision variables, there may then be no constraints-or put another way, constraints represent artificial delimitations of scope, and when the scope is broadened the constraints vanish. Thus, for example, it may be argued that a budget constraint is not characteristic of a meaningful problem formulation; since by borrowing at some interest rate it is always possible to obtain additional funds, and hence rather than introducing a budget constraint, a term reflecting the cost of funds should be incorporated into the objective. A similar argument applies to constraints describing the availability of other resources which at some cost (however great) could be supplemented.

The second reason that many important problems can be regarded as having no constraints is that constrained problems are sometimes easily converted to unconstrained problems. For instance, the sole effect of equality constraints is simply to limit the degrees of freedom, by essentially making some variables functions of others. These dependencies can sometimes be explicitly characterized, and a new problem having its number of variables equal to the true degree of freedom can be determined. As a simple specific example, a constraint of the form $x_{1}+x_{2}=B$ can be eliminated by substituting $x_{2}=B-x_{1}$ everywhere else that $x_{2}$ appears in the problem.

Aside from representing a significant class of practical problems, the study of unconstrained problems, of course, provides a stepping stone toward the more general case of constrained problems. Many aspects of both theory and algorithms are most naturally motivated and verified for the unconstrained case before progressing to the constrained case.

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Constrained Problems

In spite of the arguments given above, many problems met in practice are formulated as constrained problems. This is because in most instances a complex problem such as, for example, the detailed production policy of a giant corporation, the planning of a large government agency, or even the design of a complex device cannot be directly treated in its entirety accounting for all possible choices, but instead must be decomposed into separate subproblems-each subproblem having constraints that are imposed to restrict its scope. Thus, in a planning problem, budget constraints are commonly imposed in order to decouple that one problem from a more global one. Therefore, one frequently encounters general nonlinear constrained mathematical programming problems.
The general mathematical programming problem can be stated as
In this formulation, $\mathbf{x}$ is an $n$-dimensional vector of unknowns, $\mathbf{x}=\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots\right.$, $\left.x_{n}\right)$, and $f, h_{i}, i=1,2, \ldots, m$, and $g_{j}, j=1,2, \ldots, p$, are real-valued functions of the variables $x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}$. The set $S$ is a subset of $n$-dimensional space. The function $f$ is the objective function of the problem and the equations, inequalities, and set restrictions are constraints.

Generally, in this book, additional assumptions are introduced in order to make the problem smooth in some suitable sense. For example, the functions in the problem are usually required to be continuous, or perhaps to have continuous derivatives. This ensures that small changes in $\mathbf{x}$ lead to small changes in other values associated with the problem. Also, the set $S$ is not allowed to be arbitrary but usually is required to be a connected region of $n$-dimensional space, rather than, for example, a set of distinct isolated points. This ensures that small changes in $\mathbf{x}$ can be made. Indeed, in a majority of problems treated, the set $S$ is taken to be the entire space; there is no set restriction.

In view of these smoothness assumptions, one might characterize the problems treated in this book as continuous variable programming, since we generally discuss problems where all variables and function values can be varied continuously. In fact, this assumption forms the basis of many of the algorithms discussed, which operate essentially by making a series of small movements in the unknown $\mathbf{x}$ vector.

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|MATH3202

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写线性规划Linear Programming方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写线性规划Linear Programming代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写线性规划Linear Programming相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Linear Programming

Linear programming, hereafter LP , is without doubt the most natural mechanism for formulating a vast array of problems with modest effort. A linear programming problem is characterized, as the name implies, by linear functions of the unknowns; the objective is linear in the unknowns, and the constraints are linear equalities or linear inequalities in the unknowns. One familiar with other branches of linear mathematics might suspect, initially, that linear programming formulations are popular because the mathematics is nicer, the theory is richer, and the computation simpler for linear problems than for nonlinear ones. But, in fact, these are not the primary reasons. In terms of mathematical and computational properties, there are much broader classes of optimization problems than linear programming problems that have elegant and potent theories and for which effective algorithms are available. It seems that the popularity of linear programming lies primarily with the formulation phase of analysis rather than the solution phase-and for good cause. For one thing, a great number of constraints and objectives that arise in practice are indisputably linear. Thus, for example, if one formulates a problem with a budget constraint restricting the total amount of money to be allocated among two different commodities, the budget constraint takes the form $x_{1}+x_{2} \leq B$, where $x_{j}, i=1,2$,

is the amount allocated to activity $i$, and $B$ is the budget. Similarly, if the objective is, for example, maximum weight, then it can be expressed as $w_{1} x_{1}+w_{2} x_{2}$, where $w_{j}, i=1,2$, is the unit weight of the commodity $i$. The overall problem would be expressed as
$\operatorname{maximize} w_{1} x_{1}+w_{2} x_{2}$
subject to $x_{1}+x_{2} \leq B$,
$$x_{1} \geq 0, x_{2} \geq 0 \text {, }$$
which is an elementary linear program. The linearity of the budget constraint is extremely natural in this case and does not represent simply an approximation to a more general functional form.

Another reason that linear forms for constraints and objectives are so popular in problem formulation is that they are often the least difficult to define. Thus, even if an objective function is not purely linear by virtue of its inherent definition (as in the above example), it is often far easier to define it as being linear than to decide on some other functional form and convince others that the more complex form is the best possible choice. Linearity, therefore, by virtue of its simplicity, often is selected as the easy way out or, when seeking generality, as the only functional form that will be equally applicable (or nonapplicable) in a class of similar problems.

Of course, the theoretical and computational aspects do take on a somewhat special character for linear programming problems – the most significant development being the simplex method. This algorithm is developed in Chaps. 2 and 4. More recent interior point methods are nonlinear in character and these are developed in Chap. $5 .$

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Conic Linear Programming

Conic Linear Programming, hereafter CLP, is a natural extension of linear programming. In LP, the variables may form a vector or point that is subjected to be componentwise nonnegative, while in CLP they form a point in a general pointed convex cone (see Appendix B.1) of an Euclidean space, such as a vector or a matrix of finite dimensions. Consider the three optimization problems below:

While these problems share the identical linear objective function and single linear equality constraint, the three variables form a point in three different cones as indicated by the bottom constraint: on the left they form a vector in the nonnegative orthant cone, in the middle they form a vector in a cone shaped like an ice cream cone, called a second-order cone, and on the right they form a 2-dimensional symmetric matrix required to be positive semidefinite or to be in a semidefinite cone.

Optimization problems involving quadratic functions may be formulated as problems with the second-order cone constraint, hereafter SOCP , which find wide applications in Financial Engineering. Optimization problems involving a variable matrix, like matrix completion in Machine Learning and covariance matrix estimation in Statistics, may be formulated as problems with the semidefinite cone constraint, hereafter SDP. Many applications and solution methods will be discussed in Chap. $6 .$

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Linear Programming

maximize $w_{1} x_{1}+w_{2} x_{2}$

$$x_{1} \geq 0, x_{2} \geq 0$$

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Conic Linear Programming

CONIC线性编程，以下是CLP，是线性编程的自然扩展。在 LP 中，变量可以形成一个向量或点，该向量或点是按分量非负的，而在 CLP 中，它们在欧几里得空间的一般凸锥（见附录 B.1）中形成一个点，例如向量或有限尺寸的矩阵。考虑以下三个优化问题：

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|MA3212

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写线性规划Linear Programming方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写线性规划Linear Programming代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写线性规划Linear Programming相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Complexity of Problems

One obvious measure of the complexity of a class of optimization problems is its size, measured in terms of the number of unknown variables and/or the number of constraints. Another measure is called the bit-size, that is, the number of bits to store the input data of a problem instance. As might be expected, the computation cost or time, measured by the total needed number of arithmetic or bit operations, to solve a given problem instance or to find an optimal solution increases as the size of the problem increases. Complexity theory studies how fast the increases would be: if there is an algorithm or method to solve every instance of a type of problem with the computational cost increasing as a polynomial function of the size, then this type of problems is said to be polynomial-time solvable and the algorithm is termed a polynomial-time algorithm. For example, we would show later that linear programming is polynomial-time solvable. On the other hand, there are many types of problems where polynomial-time algorithms are yet to be found.

Even for problems with a same size, some of them may be more difficult to solve than others. Another complexity measure is the condition number, which represents the difficulty level of a type of problem. Typical examples include the Lipschitz constant of a function and the condition number of a square matrix.

Much of the basic theory associated with optimization, particularly in nonlinear programming, is directed at obtaining verifiable necessary and sufficient optimality conditions, represented by a set of equations or inequalities, satisfied by a solution point, rather than at questions of computation. This theory involves mainly the study of Lagrange multipliers, including the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Theorem and its extensions. It tremendously enhances insight into the philosophy and qualitative structure of constrained optimization and provides satisfactory basic foundations for other important disciplines, such as the theory of the firm, consumer economics, game theory, and optimal control principles. The interpretation of Lagrange multipliers that accompany this theory is valuable in virtually every optimization setting.

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Iterative Algorithms and Convergence

The most important characteristic of a high-speed computer is its ability to perform repetitive operations efficiently, and in order to exploit this basic characteristic, most algorithms designed to solve large optimization problems are iterative in nature. Typically, in seeking a vector that solves the programming problem, an initial vector $\mathbf{x}{0}$ is selected and the algorithm generates an improved vector $\mathbf{x}{1}$. The process is repeated and a still better solution $\mathbf{x}{2}$ is found. Continuing in this fashion, a sequence of ever-improving points $\mathbf{x}{0}, \mathbf{x}{1}, \ldots, \mathbf{x}{k}, \ldots$, is found that approaches a solution point $\mathbf{x}^{*}$. For linear programming problems solved by the simplex method, the generated sequence is of finite length, reaching the solution point exactly after a finite (although initially unspecified) number of steps.

For nonlinear programming problems or interior-point methods, the sequence generally does not ever exactly reach the solution point, but converges toward it. In operation, the process is terminated when a point sufficiently close to the solution point, say with at most a positive number $\epsilon(<1)$ error for practical purposes, is obtained (a solution with error $\epsilon=0$ is an exact solution). is concerned with the creation of the algorithms themselves. Algorithms are not conceived arbitrarily, but are based on a creative examination of the programming problem, its inherent structure, and the efficiencies of digital computers. The second aspect is the verification that a given algorithm will in fact generate a sequence that converges to a solution point. This aspect is referred to as global convergence, since it addresses the important question of whether the point sequence generated by an algorithm, when initiated far from the solution point, will eventually converge to it, and at what speeed the sequence converges to the solution. One cannot regard a problem as solved simply because an algorithm is known which will converge to the solution, since it may require an exorbitant amount of time to reduce the error to an acceptable tolerance. It is essential when prescribing algorithms that some estimate of the time required is available. It is the convergence-rate aspect of the theory that allows some quantitative evaluation and comparison of different algorithms, and at least crudely, assigns a measure of tractability to a problem, as discussed in Sect. 1.1.

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|MAT2200

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写线性规划Linear Programming方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写线性规划Linear Programming代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写线性规划Linear Programming相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Unconstrained Problems

It may seem that unconstrained optimization problems are so devoid of structural properties as to preclude their applicability as useful models of meaningful problems. Quite the contrary is true for two reasons. First, it can be argued, quite convincingly, that if the scope of a problem is broadened to the consideration of all relevant decision variables, there may the be no constraints or put another way, constraints represent artificial delimitations of scope, and when the scope is broadened the constraints vanish. Thus, for example, it may be argued that a budget constraint is not characterristic of a meaningful problem formulation; since by borrowing at some interest rate it is always possible to obtain additional funds, and hence rather than introducing a budget constraint, a term reflecting the cost of funds should be incorporated into the objective. A similar argument applies to constraints describing the availability of other resources which at some cost (however great) could be supplemented.

The second reason that many important problems can be regarded as having no constraints is that constrained problems are sometimes easily converted to unconstrained problems. For instance, the sole effect of equality constraints is simply to limit the degrees of freedom, by essentially making some variables functions of others. These dependencies can sometimes be explicitly characterized, and a new problem having its number of variables equal to the true degree of freedom can be determined. As a simple specific example, a constraint of the form $x_{1}+x_{2}=B$ can be eliminated by substituting $x_{2}=B-x_{1}$ everywhere else that $x_{2}$ appears in the problem.

Aside from representing a significant class of practical problems, the study of unconstrained problems, of course, provides a stepping stone toward the more general case of constrained problems. Many aspects of both theory and algorithms are most naturally motivated and verified for the unconstrained case before progressing to the constrained case.

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Constrained Problems

In spite of the arguments given above, many problems met in practice are formulated as constrained problems. This is because in most instances a complex problem such as, for example, the detailed production policy of a giant corporation, the planning of a large government agency, or even the design of a complex device cannot be directly treated in its entirety accounting for all possible choices, but instead must be decomposed into separate subproblems – each subproblem having constraints that are imposed to restrict its scope. Thus, in a planning problem, budget constraints are commonly imposed in order to decouple that one problem from a more global one. Therefore, one frequently encounters general nonlinear constrained mathematical programming problems.
The general mathematical programming problem can be stated as
$$\begin{array}{ll} \text { minimize } & f(\mathbf{x}) \ \text { subject to } & h_{i}(\mathbf{x})=0, i=1,2, \ldots, m \ & g_{j}(\mathbf{x}) \geq 0, j=1,2, \ldots, p \ & \mathbf{x} \in S \end{array}$$
In this formulation, $\mathbf{x}$ is an $n$-dimensional vector of unknowns, $\mathbf{x}=\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots\right.$, $\left.x_{n}\right)$, and $f, h_{i}, i=1,2, \ldots, m$, and $g_{j}, j=1,2, \ldots, p$, are real-valued functions of the variables $x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}$. The set $S$ is a subset of $n$-dimensional space. The function $f$ is the objective function of the problem and the equations, inequalities, and set restrictions are constraints.

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Constrained Problems

minimize $f(\mathbf{x})$ subject to $\quad h_{i}(\mathbf{x})=0, i=1,2, \ldots, m \quad g_{j}(\mathbf{x}) \geq 0, j=1,2, \ldots, p \quad \mathbf{x} \in S$

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|MATH3202

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写线性规划Linear Programming方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写线性规划Linear Programming代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写线性规划Linear Programming相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Linear Programming

Linear programming, hereafter LP , is without doubt the most natural mechanism for formulating a vast array of problems with modest effort. A linear programming problem is characterized, as the name implies, by linear functions of the unknowns; the objective is linear in the unknowns, and the constraints are linear equalities or linear inequalities in the unknowns. One familiar with other branches of linear mathematics might suspect, initially, that linear programming formulations are popular because the mathematics is nicer, the theory is richer, and the computation simpler for linear problems than for nonlinear ones. But, in fact, these are not the primary reasons. In terms of mathematical and computational properties, there are much broader classes of optimization problems than linear programming problems that have elegant and potent theories and for which effective algorithms are available. It seems that the popularity of linear programming lies primarily with the formulation phase of analysis rather than the solution phase-and for good cause. For one thing, a great number of constraints and objectives that arise in practice are indisputably linear. Thus, for example, if one formulates a problem with a budget constraint restricting the total amount of money to be allocated among two different commodities, the budget constraint takes the form $x_{1}+x_{2} \leq B$, where $x_{j}, i=1,2$, is the amount allocated to activity $i$, and $B$ is the budget. Similarly, if the objective is, for example, maximum weight, then it can be expressed as $w_{1} x_{1}+w_{2} x_{2}$, where $w_{j}, i=1,2$, is the unit weight of the commodity $i$. The overall problem would be expressed as
$$\begin{array}{ll} \operatorname{maximize} & w_{1} x_{1}+w_{2} x_{2} \ \text { subject to } & x_{1}+x_{2} \leq B \ & x_{1} \geq 0, x_{2} \geq 0 \end{array}$$

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Conic Linear Programming

Conic Linear Programming, hereafter CLP, is a natural extension of linear programming. In LP, the variables may form a vector or point that is subjected to be componentwise nonnegative, while in CLP they form a point in a general pointed convex cone (see Appendix B.1) of an Euclidean space, such as a vector or a matrix of finite dimensions. Consider the three optimization problems below:

While these problems share the identical linear objective function and single linear equality constraint, the three variables form a point in three different cones as indicated by the bottom constraint: on the left they form a vector in the nonnegative orthant cone, in the middle they form a vector in a cone shaped like an ice cream cone, called a second-order cone, and on the right they form a 2-dimensional symmetric matrix required to be positive semidefinite or to be in a semidefinite cone.

Optimization problems involving quadratic functions may be formulated as problems with the second-order cone constraint, hereafter SOCP, which find wide applications in Financial Engineering. Optimization problems involving a variable matrix, like matrix completion in Machine Learning and covariance matrix estimation in Statistics, may be formulated as problems with the semidefinite cone constraint, hereafter SDP. Many applications and solution methods will be discussed in Chap. $6 .$

## 数学代写|线性规划作业代写Linear Programming代考|Linear Programming

$$\text { maximize } \quad w_{1} x_{1}+w_{2} x_{2} \text { subject to } \quad x_{1}+x_{2} \leq B \quad x_{1} \geq 0, x_{2} \geq 0$$

## 有限元方法代写

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## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。