分类：英国补考

数学代写|有限元方法代写Finite Element Method代考|Fluid Mechanics

Posted on 2023年5月26日2023年5月26日 by statistics-lab_01, statistics-lab_01

如果你也在怎样代写有限元方法finite differences method 这个学科遇到相关的难题，请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。有限元方法finite differences method在数值分析中，是一类通过用有限差分逼近导数解决微分方程的数值技术。空间域和时间间隔（如果适用）都被离散化，或被分成有限的步骤，通过解决包含有限差分和附近点的数值的代数方程来逼近这些离散点的解的数值。

有限元方法finite differences method有限差分法将可能是非线性的常微分方程（ODE）或偏微分方程（PDE）转换成可以用矩阵代数技术解决的线性方程系统。现代计算机可以有效地进行这些线性代数计算，再加上其相对容易实现，使得FDM在现代数值分析中得到了广泛的应用。今天，FDM与有限元方法一样，是数值解决PDE的最常用方法之一。

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数学代写|有限元方法代写Finite Element Method代考|Fluid Mechanics

The equations governing flows of viscous incompressible fluids under isothermal conditions are listed here (listing the conservation principles that give rise to the equations). Further, all nonlinear terms are omitted. In addition to the vector form, only the Cartesian component form is listed, and the summation convention of Section 2.2.1.2 is adopted.
Conservation of mass (Continuity equation)
$$
\operatorname{div}(\rho \mathbf{v})=0, \quad \rho \frac{\partial v_i}{\partial x_i}=0
$$
Conservation of linear momentum (equations of motion): $\left(\sigma_{i j}=\sigma_{j i}\right)$
$$
\boldsymbol{\nabla} \cdot \boldsymbol{\sigma}+\mathbf{f}=\rho \frac{\partial \mathbf{v}}{\partial t}, \quad \frac{\partial \sigma_{j i}}{\partial x_j}+f_i=\rho \frac{\partial v_i}{\partial t}
$$
Constitutive relations
$$
\sigma=2 \mu \mathbf{D}-P \mathbf{I}, \quad \sigma_{i j}=2 \mu D_{i j}-P \delta_{i j}
$$
Kinematic relations
$$
\mathbf{D}=\frac{1}{2}\left[\boldsymbol{\nabla} \mathbf{v}+(\boldsymbol{\nabla} \mathbf{v})^{\mathrm{T}}\right], \quad D_{i j}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial v_i}{\partial x_j}+\frac{\partial v_j}{\partial x_i}\right)
$$
Here $\mathbf{v}$ is the velocity vector, $\sigma$ is the Cauchy stress tensor, $\mathbf{D}$ is the symmetric part of the velocity gradient tensor, $P$ is the hydrostatic pressure, $\mathbf{f}$ is the body force vector, $\rho$ is the density, and $\mu$ is the viscosity of the fluid. The boundary conditions involve specifying a velocity component $v_i$ or stress vector component $t_i \equiv n_j \sigma_{j i}$ at a boundary point, where $n j$ denote the direction cosines of a unit normal vector on the boundary
$$
\mathbf{v}=\hat{\mathbf{v}} \text { or } \hat{\mathbf{n}} \cdot \sigma=\hat{\mathbf{t}} ; \quad v_i=\hat{v}i \text { or } n_j \sigma{j i}=\hat{t}_i
$$

数学代写|有限元方法代写Finite Element Method代考|Solid Mechanics

Here we summarize the governing equations of a linearized, isotropic, elastic solid.
Momentum equations $\left(\sigma_{j i}=\sigma_{i j}\right)$
$$
\boldsymbol{\nabla} \cdot \boldsymbol{\sigma}+\mathbf{f}=\rho \frac{d \mathbf{v}}{d t}, \quad \frac{\partial \sigma_{j i}}{\partial x_j}+f_i=\rho \frac{d \mathbf{v}}{d t}
$$
Constitutive relations
$$
\sigma=2 \mu \varepsilon+\lambda(\operatorname{tr} \varepsilon) \mathrm{I}, \quad \sigma_{i j}=2 \mu \varepsilon_{i j}+\lambda \varepsilon_{k k} \delta_{i j}
$$
Kinematic relations
$$
\varepsilon=\frac{1}{2}\left[\nabla \mathbf{u}+(\nabla \mathbf{u})^{\mathrm{T}}\right], \quad \varepsilon_{i j}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u_i}{\partial x_j}+\frac{\partial u_j}{\partial x_i}\right)
$$
Here $\mathbf{u}$ is the displacement vector, $\sigma$ is the Cauchy stress tensor, $\varepsilon$ is the symmetric part of the displacement gradient tensor, $\mathbf{f}$ is the body force vector, $\rho$ is the density, and $\mu$ and $\lambda$ are the Lamé (material) parameters. The boundary conditions involve specifying a displacement component $u_i$ or stress vector component $t_i \equiv n_j \sigma_{j i}$ at a boundary point
$$
\mathbf{u}=\hat{\mathbf{u}} \text { or } \hat{\mathbf{n}} \cdot \sigma=\hat{\mathbf{t}} ; \quad u_i=\hat{u}i \text { or } n_j \sigma{j i}=\hat{t}_i
$$

有限元方法代考

数学代写|有限元方法代写Finite Element Method代考|Fluid Mechanics

这里列出了在等温条件下控制粘性不可压缩流体流动的方程(列出了产生这些方程的守恒原理)。此外，所有非线性项都被省略。除矢量形式外，只列出笛卡尔分量形式，采用2.2.1.2节的求和约定。
质量守恒(连续性方程)
$$
\operatorname{div}(\rho \mathbf{v})=0, \quad \rho \frac{\partial v_i}{\partial x_i}=0
$$
线性动量守恒(运动方程):$\left(\sigma_{i j}=\sigma_{j i}\right)$
$$
\boldsymbol{\nabla} \cdot \boldsymbol{\sigma}+\mathbf{f}=\rho \frac{\partial \mathbf{v}}{\partial t}, \quad \frac{\partial \sigma_{j i}}{\partial x_j}+f_i=\rho \frac{\partial v_i}{\partial t}
$$
本构关系
$$
\sigma=2 \mu \mathbf{D}-P \mathbf{I}, \quad \sigma_{i j}=2 \mu D_{i j}-P \delta_{i j}
$$
运动学关系
$$
\mathbf{D}=\frac{1}{2}\left[\boldsymbol{\nabla} \mathbf{v}+(\boldsymbol{\nabla} \mathbf{v})^{\mathrm{T}}\right], \quad D_{i j}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial v_i}{\partial x_j}+\frac{\partial v_j}{\partial x_i}\right)
$$
这里$\mathbf{v}$是速度矢量，$\sigma$是柯西应力张量，$\mathbf{D}$是速度梯度张量的对称部分，$P$是静水压力，$\mathbf{f}$是体力矢量，$\rho$是密度，$\mu$是流体的粘度。边界条件包括在边界点指定速度分量$v_i$或应力矢量分量$t_i \equiv n_j \sigma_{j i}$，其中$n j$表示边界上单位法向量的方向余弦
$$
\mathbf{v}=\hat{\mathbf{v}} \text { or } \hat{\mathbf{n}} \cdot \sigma=\hat{\mathbf{t}} ; \quad v_i=\hat{v}i \text { or } n_j \sigma{j i}=\hat{t}_i
$$

数学代写|有限元方法代写Finite Element Method代考|Solid Mechanics

本文总结了线性化、各向同性、弹性固体的控制方程。
动量方程$\left(\sigma_{j i}=\sigma_{i j}\right)$
$$
\boldsymbol{\nabla} \cdot \boldsymbol{\sigma}+\mathbf{f}=\rho \frac{d \mathbf{v}}{d t}, \quad \frac{\partial \sigma_{j i}}{\partial x_j}+f_i=\rho \frac{d \mathbf{v}}{d t}
$$
本构关系
$$
\sigma=2 \mu \varepsilon+\lambda(\operatorname{tr} \varepsilon) \mathrm{I}, \quad \sigma_{i j}=2 \mu \varepsilon_{i j}+\lambda \varepsilon_{k k} \delta_{i j}
$$
运动学关系
$$
\varepsilon=\frac{1}{2}\left[\nabla \mathbf{u}+(\nabla \mathbf{u})^{\mathrm{T}}\right], \quad \varepsilon_{i j}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u_i}{\partial x_j}+\frac{\partial u_j}{\partial x_i}\right)
$$
其中$\mathbf{u}$为位移矢量，$\sigma$为柯西应力张量，$\varepsilon$为位移梯度张量的对称部分，$\mathbf{f}$为体力矢量，$\rho$为密度，$\mu$和$\lambda$为lam(材料)参数。边界条件包括在边界点指定位移分量$u_i$或应力矢量分量$t_i \equiv n_j \sigma_{j i}$
$$
\mathbf{u}=\hat{\mathbf{u}} \text { or } \hat{\mathbf{n}} \cdot \sigma=\hat{\mathbf{t}} ; \quad u_i=\hat{u}i \text { or } n_j \sigma{j i}=\hat{t}_i
$$

数学代写|有限元方法代写Finite Element Method代考请认准statistics-lab™

统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

金融工程代写

金融工程是使用数学技术来解决金融问题。金融工程使用计算机科学、统计学、经济学和应用数学领域的工具和知识来解决当前的金融问题，以及设计新的和创新的金融产品。

非参数统计代写

非参数统计指的是一种统计方法，其中不假设数据来自于由少数参数决定的规定模型；这种模型的例子包括正态分布模型和线性回归模型。

广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型（GLM）归属统计学领域，是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

术语广义线性模型（GLM）通常是指给定连续和/或分类预测因素的连续响应变量的常规线性回归模型。它包括多元线性回归，以及方差分析和方差分析（仅含固定效应）。

有限元方法代写

有限元方法（FEM）是一种流行的方法，用于数值解决工程和数学建模中出现的微分方程。典型的问题领域包括结构分析、传热、流体流动、质量运输和电磁势等传统领域。

有限元是一种通用的数值方法，用于解决两个或三个空间变量的偏微分方程（即一些边界值问题）。为了解决一个问题，有限元将一个大系统细分为更小、更简单的部分，称为有限元。这是通过在空间维度上的特定空间离散化来实现的，它是通过构建对象的网格来实现的：用于求解的数值域，它有有限数量的点。边界值问题的有限元方法表述最终导致一个代数方程组。该方法在域上对未知函数进行逼近。[1] 然后将模拟这些有限元的简单方程组合成一个更大的方程系统，以模拟整个问题。然后，有限元通过变化微积分使相关的误差函数最小化来逼近一个解决方案。

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

随机分析代写

随机微积分是数学的一个分支，对随机过程进行操作。它允许为随机过程的积分定义一个关于随机过程的一致的积分理论。这个领域是由日本数学家伊藤清在第二次世界大战期间创建并开始的。

时间序列分析代写

随机过程，是依赖于参数的一组随机变量的全体，参数通常是时间。随机变量是随机现象的数量表现，其时间序列是一组按照时间发生先后顺序进行排列的数据点序列。通常一组时间序列的时间间隔为一恒定值（如1秒，5分钟，12小时，7天，1年），因此时间序列可以作为离散时间数据进行分析处理。研究时间序列数据的意义在于现实中，往往需要研究某个事物其随时间发展变化的规律。这就需要通过研究该事物过去发展的历史记录，以得到其自身发展的规律。

回归分析代写

多元回归分析渐进（Multiple Regression Analysis Asymptotics）属于计量经济学领域，主要是一种数学上的统计分析方法，可以分析复杂情况下各影响因素的数学关系，在自然科学、社会和经济学等多个领域内应用广泛。

MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习和应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

R语言代写	问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写	回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写	方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写	机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写	计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写	时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写	深度学习代写
SQL代写	各种数据建模与可视化代写

数学代写|有限元方法代写Finite Element Method代考|Approximation functions

Posted on 2023年5月26日2023年5月26日 by statistics-lab_01, statistics-lab_01

数学代写|有限元方法代写Finite Element Method代考|Approximation functions

In this section we discuss the properties of the set of approximation functions $\left{\phi_i\right}$ and $\phi_0$ used in the n-parameter Ritz solution in Eq. (2.5.4). First, we note that $u_n$ must satisfy only the specified essential boundary conditions of the problem, since the specified natural boundary conditions are included in the variational problem in Eq. (2.5.1). The particular form of $u_n$ in Eq. (2.5.4) facilitates satisfaction of specified boundary conditions. To see this, suppose that the approximate solution is sought in the form
$$
u_n=\sum_{j=1}^n c_j \phi_j(x)
$$
and suppose that the specified essential boundary condition is $u\left(x_0\right)=u_0$. Then $u_n$ must also satisfy the condition $u_n\left(x_0\right)=u_0$ at a boundary point $x=x_0$
$$
\sum_{j=1}^n c_j \phi_j\left(x_0\right)=u_0
$$
Since $c_j$ are unknown parameters to be determined, it is not easy to choose $\phi_j$ (x) such that the above relation holds for all $c_j$. If $u_0=0$, then we can select all $\phi_j$ such that $\phi_j\left(x_0\right)=0$ and satisfy the condition $u_n\left(x_0\right)=0$. By writing the approximate solution $u_n$ in the form Eq. (2.5.4), a sum of a homogeneous part $\sum c_j \phi_j(x)$ and a nonhomogeneous part $\phi_0(x)$, we require $\phi_0(x)$ to satisfy the specified essential boundary conditions while the homogeneous part vanishes at the same boundary point where the essential boundary condition is specified. This follows from
$$
\begin{gathered}
u_n\left(x_0\right)=\sum_{j=1}^n c_j \phi_j\left(x_0\right)+\phi_0\left(x_0\right) \
u_0=\sum_{j=1}^n c_j \phi_j\left(x_0\right)+u_0 \rightarrow \sum_{j=1}^n c_j \phi_j\left(x_0\right)=0
\end{gathered}
$$
which is satisfied, for arbitrary $c_j$, by choosing $\phi_j\left(x_0\right)=0$.

数学代写|有限元方法代写Finite Element Method代考|The Method of Weighted Residuals

As noted in Section 2.4.3, one can always write the weighted-integral form of a differential equation, whether the equation is linear or nonlinear (in the dependent variables). The weak form can be developed if the equations are second-order or higher, even if they are nonlinear.

The weighted-residual method is a generalization of the Galerkin method in that the weight functions can be chosen from an independent set of functions, and it requires only the weighted-integral form to determine the parameters. Since the latter form does not include any of the specified boundary conditions of the problem, the approximation functions must be selected such that the approximate solution satisfies all of the specified boundary conditions. In addition, the weight functions can be selected independently of the approximation functions, but are required to be linearly independent so that the resulting algebraic equations are linearly independent.
We discuss the general method of weighted residuals first, and then consider certain special cases that are known by specific names (e.g., the Galerkin method, the collocation method, the least-squares method and so on). Although a limited use of the weighted-residual method is made in this book, it is informative to have a knowledge of this class of methods for use in the formulation of certain nonlinear problems and non-self-adjoint problems.

The method of weighted residuals can be described in its generality by considering the operator equation
$$
A(u)=f \text { in } \Omega
$$
where $A$ is an operator (linear or nonlinear), often a differential operator, acting on the dependent variable $u$, and $f$ is a known function of the independent variables. Some examples of such operators are given below.
$$
A(u)=-\frac{d}{d x}\left(a \frac{d u}{d x}\right)+c u
$$
$$
A(u)=\frac{d^2}{d x^2}\left(b \frac{d^2 u}{d x^2}\right)
$$
$$
A(u)=-\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left(k_x \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\right)+\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left(k_y \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\right)\right]
$$
$$
A(u)=-\frac{d}{d x}\left(u \frac{d u}{d x}\right)
$$
$$
A(u, v)=u \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}\right)
$$
For an operator $A$ to be linear in its arguments, it must satisfy the relation
$$
A(\alpha u+\beta v)=\alpha A(u)+\beta A(v)
$$
for any scalars $\alpha$ and $\beta$ and dependent variables $u$ and $v$. It can be easily verified that all operators in Eq. (2.5.52), except for those in (4) and (5), are linear. When an operator does not satisfy the condition in Eq. (2.5.53), it is said to be nonlinear.

有限元方法代考

数学代写|有限元方法代写Finite Element Method代考|Approximation functions

在本节中，我们讨论在式(2.5.4)中的n参数Ritz解中使用的近似函数集$\left{\phi_i\right}$和$\phi_0$的性质。首先，我们注意到$u_n$必须只满足问题的指定基本边界条件，因为公式(2.5.1)中的变分问题中包含了指定的自然边界条件。式(2.5.4)中$u_n$的特殊形式便于满足规定的边界条件。为了说明这一点，假设近似解是这样求的
$$
u_n=\sum_{j=1}^n c_j \phi_j(x)
$$
并设指定的基本边界条件为$u\left(x_0\right)=u_0$。那么$u_n$也必须在边界点$x=x_0$处满足条件$u_n\left(x_0\right)=u_0$
$$
\sum_{j=1}^n c_j \phi_j\left(x_0\right)=u_0
$$
由于$c_j$是待确定的未知参数，因此不容易选择$\phi_j$ (x)，使上述关系适用于所有$c_j$。如果是$u_0=0$，那么我们可以选择所有的$\phi_j$，使$\phi_j\left(x_0\right)=0$满足条件$u_n\left(x_0\right)=0$。通过将近似解$u_n$写成Eq.(2.5.4)的形式，即齐次部分$\sum c_j \phi_j(x)$与非齐次部分$\phi_0(x)$的和，我们要求$\phi_0(x)$满足规定的必要边界条件，而齐次部分在规定必要边界条件的同一边界点上消失。这是从
$$
\begin{gathered}
u_n\left(x_0\right)=\sum_{j=1}^n c_j \phi_j\left(x_0\right)+\phi_0\left(x_0\right) \
u_0=\sum_{j=1}^n c_j \phi_j\left(x_0\right)+u_0 \rightarrow \sum_{j=1}^n c_j \phi_j\left(x_0\right)=0
\end{gathered}
$$
对于任意的$c_j$，通过选择$\phi_j\left(x_0\right)=0$来满足。

数学代写|有限元方法代写Finite Element Method代考|The Method of Weighted Residuals

如第2.4.3节所述，无论微分方程是线性的还是非线性的(在因变量中)，都可以写出微分方程的加权积分形式。如果方程是二阶或更高阶的，即使它们是非线性的，也可以得到弱形式。

加权残差法是Galerkin方法的推广，它可以从一个独立的函数集合中选择权函数，并且只需要加权积分形式来确定参数。由于后一种形式不包括问题的任何指定边界条件，因此必须选择近似函数，使近似解满足所有指定边界条件。此外，权函数的选择可以独立于近似函数，但要求是线性无关的，以便得到线性无关的代数方程。
我们首先讨论了加权残差的一般方法，然后考虑了某些已知的特殊情况(如Galerkin方法、搭配方法、最小二乘法等)。虽然在这本书中有限地使用了加权残差法，但在某些非线性问题和非自伴随问题的公式中使用这类方法的知识是有益的。

加权残差法的通用性可以通过考虑算子方程来描述
$$
A(u)=f \text { in } \Omega
$$
其中$A$是一个算子(线性或非线性)，通常是一个微分算子，作用于因变量$u$, $f$是自变量的已知函数。下面给出了这类运算符的一些例子。
$$
A(u)=-\frac{d}{d x}\left(a \frac{d u}{d x}\right)+c u
$$
$$
A(u)=\frac{d^2}{d x^2}\left(b \frac{d^2 u}{d x^2}\right)
$$
$$
A(u)=-\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left(k_x \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\right)+\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left(k_y \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\right)\right]
$$
$$
A(u)=-\frac{d}{d x}\left(u \frac{d u}{d x}\right)
$$
$$
A(u, v)=u \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}\right)
$$
对于一个操作符$A$，它的参数是线性的，它必须满足这个关系
$$
A(\alpha u+\beta v)=\alpha A(u)+\beta A(v)
$$
对于任意标量$\alpha$和$\beta$以及因变量$u$和$v$。可以很容易地验证，除式(4)和式(5)中的算子外，式(2.5.52)中的所有算子都是线性的。当一个算子不满足式(2.5.53)中的条件时，称为非线性算子。

统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

金融工程代写

非参数统计代写

非参数统计指的是一种统计方法，其中不假设数据来自于由少数参数决定的规定模型；这种模型的例子包括正态分布模型和线性回归模型。

广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型（GLM）归属统计学领域，是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

有限元方法代写

随机分析代写

时间序列分析代写

回归分析代写

MATLAB代写

R语言代写	问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写	回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写	方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写	机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写	计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写	时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写	深度学习代写
SQL代写	各种数据建模与可视化代写

数学代写|有限元方法代写Finite Element Method代考|The Principle of Minimum Total Potential Energy

Posted on 2023年5月26日2023年5月26日 by statistics-lab_01, statistics-lab_01

数学代写|有限元方法代写Finite Element Method代考|The Principle of Minimum Total Potential Energy

The principle of virtual work discussed in the previous section is applicable to any continuous body with arbitrary constitutive behavior (e.g., linear or nonlinear elastic materials). The principle of minimum total potential energy is obtained as a special case from the principle of virtual displacements when the constitutive relations can be obtained from a potential function. Here we restrict our discussion to materials that admit existence of a strain energy potential such that the stress is derivable from it. Such materials are termed hyperelastic.
For elastic bodies (in the absence of temperature variations), there exists a strain energy potential $U_0$ such that [see Eq. (2.3.5)]
$$
\sigma_{i j}=\frac{\partial U_0}{\partial \varepsilon_{i j}}
$$
The strain energy density $U_0$ is a function of strains at a point and is assumed to be positive definite. The statement of the principle of virtual displacements, $\delta W=0$, can be expressed in terms of the strain energy density $U_0$ as
$$
\begin{aligned}
0=\delta W & =\int_{\Omega} \sigma_{i j} \delta \varepsilon_{i j} d \Omega-\left[\int_{\Omega} \mathbf{f} \cdot \delta \mathbf{u} d \Omega+\int_{\Gamma_\sigma} \hat{\mathbf{t}} \cdot \delta \mathbf{u} d s\right] \
& =\int_{\Omega} \frac{\partial U_0}{\partial \varepsilon_{i j}} \delta \varepsilon_{i j} d \Omega+\delta V_E \
& =\int_{\Omega} \delta U_0 d \Omega+\delta V_E=\delta\left(U+V_E\right) \equiv \delta \Pi
\end{aligned}
$$
where
$$
V_E=-\left[\int_{\Omega} \mathbf{f} \cdot \mathbf{u} d \Omega+\int_{\Gamma_\sigma} \hat{\mathbf{t}} \cdot \mathbf{u} d s\right]
$$
is the potential energy due to external loads and $U$ is the strain energy potential
$$
U=\int_{\Omega} U_0 d \Omega
$$

数学代写|有限元方法代写Finite Element Method代考|Residual Function

Consider the problem of solving the differential equation
$$
-\frac{d}{d x}\left[a(x) \frac{d u}{d x}\right]+c u=f(x) \text { for } 0<x<L
$$
for $u(x)$, which is subject to the boundary conditions
$$
u(0)=u_0, \quad\left[a \frac{d u}{d x}+\beta\left(u-u_{\infty}\right)\right]{x=L}=Q_L $$ Here $a(x), c(x)$, and $f(x)$ are known functions of the coordinate $x ; u_0, u{\infty}, \beta$, and $Q_L$ are known values, and $L$ is the size of the one-dimensional domain. When the specified values are nonzero $\left(u_0 \neq 0\right.$ or $\left.Q_L \neq 0\right)$, the boundary conditions are said to be nonhomogeneous; when the specified values are zero the boundary conditions are said to be homogeneous. The homogeneous form of the boundary condition $u(0)=u_0$ is $u(0)=0$, and the homogeneous form of the boundary condition $\left[a(d u / d x)+\beta\left(u-u_{\infty}\right)\right]{x=L}=Q_L$ is $[a(d u / d x)+$ $\left.\beta\left(u-u{\infty}\right)\right]_{x=L}=0$.

Equations of the type in Eq. (2.4.1) arise, for example, in the study of 1-D heat flow in a rod with surface convection (see Example 1.2.2), as shown in Fig. 2.4.1(a). In this case, $a=k A$, with $k$ being the thermal conductivity and $A$ the cross-sectional area, $c=\beta P$, with $\beta$ being the heat transfer coefficient, $P$ the perimeter of the rod, and $L$ the length of the rod; $f$ denotes the heat generation term, $u_0$ is the specified temperature at $x=0, Q_L$ is the specified heat at $x=L$, and $u_{\infty}$ is the temperature of the surrounding medium. Another example where Eqs. (2.4.1) and (2.4.2) arise is provided by the axial deformation of a bar (see Example 1.2.3), as shown in Fig. 2.4.1(b). In this case, $a=E A$, with $E$ being the Young’s modulus and $A$ the cross-sectional area, $c$ is the spring constant associated with the shear resistance offered by the surrounding medium (as discussed in Example 1.2.3), and $L$ is the length of the bar; $f$ denotes the body force term, $u_0$ is the specified displacement at $x$ $=0\left(u_0=0\right), Q_L$ is the specified point load at $x=L$, and $u_{\infty}=0$. Other physical problems are also described by the same equation, but with different meaning of the variables.

有限元方法代考

数学代写|有限元方法代写Finite Element Method代考|The Principle of Minimum Total Potential Energy

上一节讨论的虚功原理适用于任何具有任意本构行为的连续体(如线性或非线性弹性材料)。当本构关系可以由势函数求得时，作为虚位移原理的特例，得到了最小总势能原理。在这里，我们把我们的讨论限制在承认存在应变能势的材料上，这样应力就可以由它推导出来。这种材料被称为超弹性材料。
对于弹性体(在没有温度变化的情况下)，存在一个应变能势$U_0$，使得[见式(2.3.5)]
$$
\sigma_{i j}=\frac{\partial U_0}{\partial \varepsilon_{i j}}
$$
应变能密度$U_0$是某一点应变的函数，假设为正定。虚位移原理$\delta W=0$的表述可以用应变能密度$U_0$ as来表示
$$
\begin{aligned}
0=\delta W & =\int_{\Omega} \sigma_{i j} \delta \varepsilon_{i j} d \Omega-\left[\int_{\Omega} \mathbf{f} \cdot \delta \mathbf{u} d \Omega+\int_{\Gamma_\sigma} \hat{\mathbf{t}} \cdot \delta \mathbf{u} d s\right] \
& =\int_{\Omega} \frac{\partial U_0}{\partial \varepsilon_{i j}} \delta \varepsilon_{i j} d \Omega+\delta V_E \
& =\int_{\Omega} \delta U_0 d \Omega+\delta V_E=\delta\left(U+V_E\right) \equiv \delta \Pi
\end{aligned}
$$
在哪里
$$
V_E=-\left[\int_{\Omega} \mathbf{f} \cdot \mathbf{u} d \Omega+\int_{\Gamma_\sigma} \hat{\mathbf{t}} \cdot \mathbf{u} d s\right]
$$
外部载荷的势能和$U$是应变能势能吗
$$
U=\int_{\Omega} U_0 d \Omega
$$

数学代写|有限元方法代写Finite Element Method代考|Residual Function

考虑解微分方程的问题
$$
-\frac{d}{d x}\left[a(x) \frac{d u}{d x}\right]+c u=f(x) \text { for } 0<x<L
$$
对于$u(x)$，它受边界条件的约束
$$
u(0)=u_0, \quad\left[a \frac{d u}{d x}+\beta\left(u-u_{\infty}\right)\right]{x=L}=Q_L $$其中$a(x), c(x)$、$f(x)$为坐标$x ; u_0, u{\infty}, \beta$的已知函数，$Q_L$为已知值，$L$为一维域的大小。当指定值为非零$\left(u_0 \neq 0\right.$或$\left.Q_L \neq 0\right)$时，边界条件是非齐次的;当指定值为零时，边界条件称为齐次。边界条件$u(0)=u_0$的齐次形式为$u(0)=0$，边界条件$\left[a(d u / d x)+\beta\left(u-u_{\infty}\right)\right]{x=L}=Q_L$的齐次形式为$[a(d u / d x)+$$\left.\beta\left(u-u{\infty}\right)\right]_{x=L}=0$。

例如，在研究具有表面对流的杆内一维热流(见例1.2.2)时，会出现式(2.4.1)式的方程，如图2.4.1(a)所示。在这种情况下，$a=k A$, $k$为导热系数，$A$为截面积，$c=\beta P$, $\beta$为传热系数，$P$为棒的周长，$L$为棒的长度;$f$为发热量项，$u_0$为$x=L$处的规定温度，$x=0, Q_L$为处的规定热量，$u_{\infty}$为周围介质温度。另一个例子是等式。(2.4.1)和(2.4.2)的产生是由杆的轴向变形提供的(见例1.2.3)，如图2.4.1(b)所示。在这种情况下，$a=E A$, $E$是杨氏模量，$A$是截面积，$c$是与周围介质提供的剪切阻力相关的弹簧常数(如例1.2.3所述)，$L$是杆的长度;$f$为体力项，$u_0$为$x$处的规定位移，$=0\left(u_0=0\right), Q_L$为$x=L$处的规定点荷载，$u_{\infty}=0$。其他物理问题也可以用相同的方程来描述，但变量的含义不同。

统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

金融工程代写

非参数统计代写

非参数统计指的是一种统计方法，其中不假设数据来自于由少数参数决定的规定模型；这种模型的例子包括正态分布模型和线性回归模型。

广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型（GLM）归属统计学领域，是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

有限元方法代写

随机分析代写

时间序列分析代写

回归分析代写

MATLAB代写

R语言代写	问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写	回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写	方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写	机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写	计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写	时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写	深度学习代写
SQL代写	各种数据建模与可视化代写

经济代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Finance Based on Assets

Posted on 2023年5月26日2023年5月26日 by statistics-lab_01, statistics-lab_01

如果你也在怎样代写公司金融学Corporate Finance 这个学科遇到相关的难题，请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。公司金融学Corporate Finance是金融的一个领域，涉及资金来源、公司的资本结构、管理者为增加公司对股东的价值而采取的行动，以及用于分配金融资源的工具和分析。公司金融的主要目标是最大化或增加股东价值。

公司金融学Corporate Finance相应地，公司财务包括两个主要的分支学科。[引用]资本预算涉及到设定标准，以确定哪些增值项目应该获得投资资金，以及是否用股权或债务资本为该投资融资。营运资金管理是对公司货币资金的管理，涉及流动资产和流动负债的短期经营平衡；这里的重点是管理现金、存货和短期借贷（如提供给客户的信贷条件）。

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航在代写公司金融学Corporate Finance方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写公司金融学Corporate Finance代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写公司金融学Corporate Finance相关的作业也就用不着说。

经济代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Finance Based on Assets

This section considers a number of financing structures which are largely used for SMEs, ${ }^{228}$ although large companies will also use big ticket asset finance. The common feature in all these structures is that the finance is given on the basis of specific collateral provided by the company. The financier has either an absolute interest (by way of sale or retention of title) or (in the case of some asset-based lending) a security interest. ${ }^{229}$ It can be seen that there are some similarities with securitisation structures, but here the finance is provided not by the issue of securities but by the lender itself (which, of course, may well securitise its receivables from the financing). The use of finance based on assets (especially invoice discounting and asset-based lending) has increased greatly in recent times, ${ }^{230}$ and is particularly popular when traditional bank lending is not available, either because of global conditions (as in the financial crisis) or where a company has already borrowed as much as the bank will permit.

Receivables financing provides upfront cash for a company which is owed money in the future. To that extent, it has the same economic effect as a loan which is paid back as and when the receivables are paid. In its pure financing form, the credit risk of the receivables is borne by the ‘borrowing’ company, so that if the receivables do not generate enough to ‘repay’ the loan, the company is liable for the rest. ${ }^{231}$ The logical corollary of this would be that if the receivables generate more than is required to ‘repay’ then the company retains the excess, and this characteristic is also found in this form of receivables financing. ${ }^{232}$

This structure is usually called ‘invoice discounting’ and is achieved usually by a sale (an absolute assignment) of the receivables to the financier, ${ }^{233}$ without notice to the debtors, so that the company continues to collect in the debts and holds the proceeds of sale on trust for the financier. ${ }^{234}$ The transaction is said to be ‘with recourse’, which means that the credit risk of the receivables is retained by the company: this is usually achieved by a contractual obligation on the company to repurchase receivables which are not paid. ${ }^{235}$

A receivables financing package can also include other services provided by the financier (for which, of course, the company pays). These include the transfer of the credit risk to the financier and the provision of a debt collecting service by the financier. Such a package is usually called ‘factoring. The company will sell the receivables to the financier by a statutory assignment, which means that the debtors are given notice and the financier can sue a non-paying debtor in its own name.

经济代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Supply Chain Financing

Supply chain financing is a variation on the theme of receivables financing, which is offered where a very large company is a customer of a number of smaller companies which require financing on the basis of their receivables. The customer arranges with a bank or other financial institution to buy receivables it owes to suppliers once they have been approved by the customer; in fact, in many cases, the customer will ‘self-issue’ invoices which are then assigned to the financier. The financier passes the purchase price to the supplier: the amount reflects a financing charge for the period between the date of financing and the date the invoice is due to be paid by the customer. The benefits for both parties are that the customer may obtain a longer period of credit than it could otherwise obtain from the supplier, and the supplier obtains cheaper financing, since the interest or discount rate is set on the basis of the credit rating of the customer and the fact that the customer often will be the client of the financier and has been for some time, so the financier can judge its credit record very accurately. Moreover, the customer avoids having to deal with an external financier in relation to a disputed invoice: only invoices it has itself approved are financed, and, in any event, the financier is one with whom it has a good relationship. The description of this model is generalised; there are many varieties. ${ }^{241}$ Supply chain finance has been championed by the UK Government as a source of SME finance, and large companies have been encouraged to adopt it. ${ }^{242}$ Further, the Government has itself adopted it in relation to various Government activities. ${ }^{243}$ However, concern has been expressed that customers will be encouraged by the use of supply chain financing to demand longer credit periods, so that suppliers are forced to pay for longer periods of financing, ${ }^{244}$ and that locking suppliers into supply chain financing deals can be anti-competitive.

公司金融学代考

经济代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Finance Based on Assets

本节考虑了一些主要用于中小企业的融资结构，${}^{228}$尽管大公司也将使用大额资产融资。所有这些结构的共同特点是，融资是在公司提供特定抵押品的基础上进行的。金融家要么拥有绝对权益(通过出售或保留所有权的方式)，要么拥有担保权益(在某些基于资产的贷款的情况下)。可以看出，这与证券化结构有一些相似之处，但这里的融资不是由发行证券提供的，而是由贷款人本身提供的(当然，贷款人很可能将其融资中的应收账款证券化)。近年来，基于资产的融资(特别是发票贴现和基于资产的贷款)的使用大大增加，当传统的银行贷款不可用时，由于全球环境(如金融危机)或公司已经借入了银行允许的最多的资金时，这种融资特别受欢迎。

应收账款融资为公司未来的欠款提供预付现金。在这种程度上，它具有与贷款相同的经济效果，后者在支付应收款时偿还。在纯融资形式下，应收款项的信用风险由“借款”公司承担，因此，如果应收款项不能产生足够的“偿还”贷款，则公司应对其余部分负责。这种情况的逻辑推论是，如果应收账款产生的收益超过了“偿还”所需的收益，那么公司将保留剩余部分，这种特征也存在于这种形式的应收账款融资中。$ {} ^ {232} $

这种结构通常被称为“发票贴现”，通常是通过在不通知债务人的情况下将应收款项出售(绝对转让)给出资人来实现的，这样公司就可以继续收取债务，并为出资人信托持有出售所得。这种交易被称为“有追索权”，这意味着公司保留了应收账款的信用风险:这通常是通过公司的合同义务来回购未支付的应收账款来实现的。$ {} ^ {235} $

应收账款融资方案还可以包括金融家提供的其他服务(当然，公司为此付费)。这包括将信用风险转移给出资人，以及由出资人提供收债服务。这样的一揽子服务通常被称为“保理”。公司将通过法定转让将应收款项出售给出资人，这意味着向债务人发出通知，出资人可以以自己的名义起诉未付款的债务人。

经济代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Supply Chain Financing

供应链融资是应收款融资主题的一种变体，它提供给一个非常大的公司是许多小公司的客户，这些小公司需要在其应收款的基础上融资。客户与银行或其他金融机构安排购买其欠供应商的应收账款，经客户批准后;事实上，在许多情况下，客户将“自行开具”发票，然后将其分配给财务人员。出资人将采购价格传递给供应商:金额反映了从融资之日到客户应支付发票之日这段时间内的融资费用。对双方的好处是，客户可以获得比从供应商那里获得的更长的信贷期限，而供应商获得更便宜的融资，因为利率或贴现率是根据客户的信用评级设定的，而且客户经常会成为金融家的客户，并且已经有一段时间了，因此金融家可以非常准确地判断其信用记录。此外，客户避免了与有争议的发票相关的外部出资人打交道:只有它自己批准的发票才会获得融资，而且无论如何，该出资人都是与它有良好关系的人。该模型的描述是一般化的;有很多品种。${}^{241}$供应链金融是英国政府倡导的中小企业融资的一个来源，并鼓励大公司采用它。此外，政府本身也就各项政府活动采用了该准则。然而，有人担心，使用供应链融资会鼓励客户要求更长的信贷期限，从而迫使供应商为更长的融资期限付款，并且将供应商锁定在供应链融资交易中可能是反竞争的。

经济代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考请认准statistics-lab™

统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

金融工程代写

非参数统计代写

非参数统计指的是一种统计方法，其中不假设数据来自于由少数参数决定的规定模型；这种模型的例子包括正态分布模型和线性回归模型。

广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型（GLM）归属统计学领域，是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

有限元方法代写

随机分析代写

时间序列分析代写

回归分析代写

MATLAB代写

R语言代写	问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写	回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写	方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写	机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写	计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写	时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写	深度学习代写
SQL代写	各种数据建模与可视化代写

经济代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Peer-to-Peer Lending

Posted on 2023年5月26日2023年5月26日 by statistics-lab_01, statistics-lab_01

经济代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Peer-to-Peer Lending

As mentioned earlier, many companies now obtain funds through peer-to-peer lending. This is the generic name given to a number of online platforms which put potential lenders in touch with potential borrowers. Some platforms specialise in different areas, such as consumer lending, lending for property development secured on land, lending only by companies and high worth individuals, and so on. ${ }^{155}$ Some also facilitate the sale of receivables by companies to those willing to buy them. The account of peer-to-peer lending given here is generalised, and relates to the platforms that involve lending to corporate businesses (though they may also lend to consumers and unincorporated businesses). Peer-to-peer lending is becoming an increasingly important source of finance for SMEs, ${ }^{156}$ and is seen as a real alternative to bank finance by the Government. If an SME business is turned down by a bank for funding, the bank is required to pass on information about the applicant to financing platforms designated by the Government, if the applicant agrees. ${ }^{157}$
P2P platforms vary according to the services which they offer and, therefore, their business model. ${ }^{158}$ A ‘basic’ platform which merely puts the borrowers and lenders in touch with each other and administers the loan has been termed a ‘conduit platform. ${ }^{159}$ When a borrower applies to an online platform for a loan, the platform normally ${ }^{160}$ carries out a vetting process: this can vary from a reasonably brief check to quite extensive due diligence. Typically, there is either an auction, whereby potential lenders indicate what interest rates they would be prepared to lend at, and borrowers accept those at which they are willing to borrow (the borrower actually pays a weighted average of the different rates accepted), or a market rate is set by the platform (this additional service means that the model has been termed a ‘pricing platform’). ${ }^{161}$ A key feature is that, in either case, potential lenders can choose which companies they lend to (and, in the case of an auction, at what rates), although some sites also have a facility for allocating borrowers automatically to lenders according to an agreed risk profile in order to generate a ‘target’ rate of interest (this model has been termed a ‘discretionary platform’). ${ }^{162}$ Usually, the borrower enters into a loan agreement either with the company running the platform, acting as agent for the lenders, or with the lender direct, but through the intermediation of the platform. The loan agreement contains representations and warranties as well as covenants, ${ }^{163}$ and the platform acts as agent for the lenders in enforcing the agreement if there is an event of default, although monitoring is usually limited to checking whether repayments have been made. Some loans are unsecured, although often backed by a personal guarantee, while others are secured by real security: this varies according to the platform but also according to the needs of the borrower. ${ }^{164}$ Security is held by a company, usually related to the company running the platform, which acts as a security trustee. ${ }^{165}$ Some platforms allow lenders to withdraw their money before the end of the term of the loan by transferring the loan to another lender in a market run by the platform. ${ }^{166}$ Some also offer a contingency fund designed to protect against losses from bad debts, that is, a form of pooling of loss. While most P2P platforms offer some form of loan, some offer finance by purchasing receivables, ${ }^{167}$ and a few enable companies to offer convertible debt securities. ${ }^{168}$ Concern had been expressed regarding protection of lenders, particularly consumers, who lend using P2P platforms. Regulation has been introduced, and further regulation has been proposed. ${ }^{169}$ This is discussed in chapter thirteen.

经济代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|General

Debt securities are tradable instruments which a company can issue in order to raise money from a variety of lenders. Such lenders will be more numerous and more varied in type than the single bank or syndicate of banks that would otherwise make a loan to the company. ${ }^{170}$ In theory, anyone can buy debt securities, although in most cases the target and actual investors are much more limited for a number of reasons. ${ }^{171}$ Debt securities are issued, usually to a limited group of investors, in what is known as the primary market. The process of issuance is described in chapter eight. ${ }^{172}$ Once issued, they can be traded in what is called the secondary market. Not all debt securities are traded: some are kept by the original owners until maturity: for example, loan notes issued as part of a private equity transaction fall within this category, ${ }^{173}$ as do notes issued in the increasingly popular private placement market. ${ }^{174}$ However, many are traded, and anything which adds to their tradability (liquidity) adds to their value. ${ }^{175}$

In this book we consider only debt securities issued by companies. However, it should be borne in mind that a vast number of debt securities are issued by governments: these are usually the most highly rated (though it does depend on the credit standing of the relevant government), ${ }^{176}$ and the pricing of debt securities issued by companies is often tied to that of government securities. ${ }^{177}$ The term ‘debt securities’ covers a number of different kinds of instruments. Companies, or banks, needing short-term finance can raise it by issuing commercial paper, a term meaning short-term securities (with a term up to 364 days) or, if the company is authorised to carry on deposit taking, certificates of deposit, which can have a term of up to five years. These are issued and traded in what are known as the money markets: this term refers to markets dealing with short-term securities with a term of one year or less. ${ }^{178}$ Longer-term debt securities, which are issued and traded on the bond or capital markets, are called bonds or notes. Originally, notes were securities with a shorter term than bonds, but the terminology has now become more interchangeable, especially in the European markets. The term ‘notes’ is generally used, however, where the interest rate is floating, and also where securities are issued as part of a programme.

公司金融学代考

经济代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Peer-to-Peer Lending

如前所述，许多公司现在通过点对点贷款获得资金。这是一些在线平台的通用名称，这些平台将潜在的贷款人与潜在的借款人联系起来。一些平台专注于不同领域，比如消费贷款、以土地为担保的房地产开发贷款、仅向企业和高身价个人放贷等等。${}^{155}$有些还有助于公司将应收款出售给愿意购买应收款的人。这里给出的点对点贷款是泛化的，涉及到向企业提供贷款的平台(尽管它们也可能向消费者和非法人企业提供贷款)。点对点贷款正成为中小企业日益重要的资金来源，政府认为这是银行融资的真正替代办法。如果中小企业被银行拒绝融资，如果申请人同意，银行需要将申请人的信息传递给政府指定的融资平台。$ {} ^ {157} $
P2P平台因其提供的服务而异，因此也因其商业模式而异。${}^{158}$一个仅仅使借款人和贷款人相互联系并管理贷款的“基本”平台被称为“管道平台”。${}^{159}$当借款人向在线平台申请贷款时，平台通常${}^{160}$进行审查过程:这可以从相当简短的检查到相当广泛的尽职调查。通常情况下，要么进行拍卖，潜在的贷款人表明他们准备以什么利率放贷，借款人接受他们愿意以什么利率借款(借款人实际上支付不同接受利率的加权平均值)，要么由平台设定市场利率(这种额外的服务意味着该模式被称为“定价平台”)。一个关键的特点是，在任何一种情况下，潜在的贷款人都可以选择他们贷款给哪些公司(以及，在拍卖的情况下，以什么利率)，尽管一些网站也有根据商定的风险状况自动分配借款人给贷款人的工具，以产生“目标”利率(这种模式被称为“自由裁量平台”)。${}^{162}$通常，借款人与运营平台的公司签订贷款协议，作为贷款人的代理，或者直接与贷款人签订贷款协议，但通过平台的中介。贷款协议包含陈述和保证以及契约，${}^{163}$，如果出现违约事件，平台充当贷款人执行协议的代理人，尽管监控通常仅限于检查是否已还款。一些贷款是无担保的，尽管通常有个人担保，而另一些贷款是有实际担保的:这取决于平台，也取决于借款人的需求。${}^{164}$安全性由公司持有，通常与运行平台的公司有关，该公司充当安全性受托人。${}^{165}$一些平台允许出借人在贷款期限结束前通过平台运营的市场将贷款转移给另一个出借人来提取资金。{}^{166}$有些还提供应急基金，旨在防止坏账造成的损失，即一种损失集中的形式。虽然大多数P2P平台提供某种形式的贷款，但有些平台通过购买应收账款提供融资，还有一些平台允许公司提供可转换债务证券。{}^{168}$有人对利用P2P平台放贷的出借人，特别是消费者的保护问题表示关注。监管已经出台，进一步的监管也已提出。${}^{169}$这在第十三章中讨论。

经济代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|General

债务证券是一种可交易的工具，公司可以通过发行债券从不同的贷款人那里筹集资金。这样的贷款人将比单一银行或银团银行提供贷款给公司的数量更多，类型更多样化。${}^{170}$理论上，任何人都可以购买债务证券，尽管在大多数情况下，由于种种原因，目标投资者和实际投资者受到的限制要大得多。${}^{171}$债务证券通常在所谓的一级市场上向有限的投资者群体发行。第八章描述了发行过程。一旦发行，它们就可以在所谓的二级市场上交易。并不是所有的债务证券都可以交易:有些由原始所有者保留到到期:例如，作为私人股本交易的一部分发行的贷款票据就属于这一类，${}^{173}$以及在日益流行的私募市场发行的票据。${}^{174}$然而，许多是可以交易的，任何增加其可交易性(流动性)的东西都会增加其价值。$ {} ^ {175} $

在本书中，我们只考虑公司发行的债务证券。然而，应该记住的是，大量的债务证券是由政府发行的:这些通常是评级最高的(尽管它确实取决于相关政府的信用状况)，公司发行的债务证券的定价通常与政府证券的定价挂钩。“债务证券”一词包括许多不同种类的工具。需要短期融资的公司或银行可以通过发行商业票据来筹集资金，商业票据指的是短期证券(期限最长为364天)，或者，如果公司被授权接受存款，可以发行存单，存单的期限最长为5年。这些证券在所谓的货币市场发行和交易:货币市场指的是交易期限为一年或更短的短期证券的市场。${}^{178}$在债券或资本市场上发行和交易的长期债务证券称为债券或票据。最初，票据是期限比债券短的证券，但现在这个术语变得更加可互换，特别是在欧洲市场。然而，“票据”一词通常用于利率浮动的地方，也用于作为计划一部分发行证券的地方。

统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

金融工程代写

非参数统计代写

非参数统计指的是一种统计方法，其中不假设数据来自于由少数参数决定的规定模型；这种模型的例子包括正态分布模型和线性回归模型。

广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型（GLM）归属统计学领域，是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

有限元方法代写

随机分析代写

时间序列分析代写

回归分析代写

MATLAB代写

R语言代写	问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写	回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写	方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写	机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写	计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写	时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写	深度学习代写
SQL代写	各种数据建模与可视化代写

经济代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Choice of Debt Financing Transaction

Posted on 2023年5月26日2023年5月26日 by statistics-lab_01, statistics-lab_01

经济代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Choice of Debt Financing Transaction

The term ‘borrowing’ is generally used to mean either borrowing by way of loan (usually from a bank ${ }^{77}$ or by way of debt securities. ${ }^{78}$ However, debt in a wider sense can also include credit extended by those whom the company would otherwise have to pay immediately. Thus, when a company buys goods with payment due 30 days after delivery, or obtains services with payment due two months after the services have been supplied, the economic effect is the same as if the company had borrowed from the seller or supplier. Even closer in effect are situations where a company obtains equipment from a finance company on hire purchase or finance lease terms. The equipment is obtained immediately, yet the ‘price’ is paid in instalments over a long period. To understand how small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) are financed, it is important to realise both that this type of borrowing is widespread and that the companies selling the goods, supplying the services or financing hire purchase agreements or finance leases themselves need finance. In order to meet the market requirements of giving credit, these companies need cash upfront in order to meet the expenditure they have to make to provide the goods, the services or the equipment to the company that receives them. Even banks need to be financed by debt, as ultimately they cannot meet the cost of all the loans they make through equity financing, deposits (if they take them) and profits. This can also be the case for alternative providers of loan finance, ${ }^{79}$ although often they will either be lending their own money (individuals, governments) or will be lending money they hold for investors, which is effectively like equity finance, in that the investors take the risk of loss (hedge funds, private equity houses). However, non-bank lenders may well enhance their returns by leverage-that is, debt finance. ${ }^{80}$ Those providing credit often use the repayment obligations owed to them to enable them to obtain debt finance, either by borrowing on the security of those obligations or by transferring them outright for a price. ${ }^{81}$ Banks obtain much of their finance on the money markets, either by issuing short-term debt securities (commercial paper) or by using repos (structurally sale and repurchase, but economically the same as short-term borrowing). ${ }^{82}$ The detail of these is beyond the scope of this book.

经济代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Protection of Creditors: Contractual and Proprietary

It is also necessary to consider what protection a creditor requires when lending or advancing credit, and how this affects the structure of the transaction. The first main concern of the creditor is credit risk, that is, the risk of non-payment. ${ }^{91}$ This risk can be mitigated in a number of ways, mainly by the creditor obtaining rights as a result of its agreement with the borrower. These rights can be either contractual or proprietary. Contractual rights are merely against the contractual counterparty, while proprietary rights relate to assets. The main distinction between the two relates to the situation where the borrower is insolvent: a creditor with proprietary rights will have priority over the general class of unsecured creditors, while a creditor with merely contractual rights falls into the latter class. There are limited exceptions to this, such as set-off, which in many cases is effective on insolvency. ${ }^{92}$

Proprietary rights can be either absolute or security interests. The distinction between these two kinds of interests is discussed in detail in chapter seven. If the creditor has an absolute interest, it becomes, or remains, the absolute owner of the relevant asset. A security interest, by contrast, is a proprietary interest in an asset securing the obligation to repay. It extends only to the amount of that obligation, so that on enforcement there is an obligation to account to the borrower for any surplus value in the asset. Security interests vary in form: pledges and liens are possessory interests (and are not discussed in detail in this book). One type of non-possessory security interest is a mortgage. Here, the title to the asset passes to the lender, who is obliged to re-transfer the asset when the secured obligation is repaid. Another type is the charge, which entails no transfer of title but is an encumbrance on the asset. Charges can be fixed or floating. If a lender has a fixed charge, the borrower cannot dispose of the charged asset without the lender’s consent. If the lender’s charge is floating, the borrower can make such a disposition. Floating charges, therefore, are often taken over circulating assets and enable a lender to take security over all the assets of a company. These interests are discussed in more detail in chapter seven.

公司金融学代考

经济代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Choice of Debt Financing Transaction

“借款”一词通常指通过贷款方式(通常是向银行借款)或通过债务证券方式借款。但是，从更广泛的意义上说，债务还可以包括那些公司必须立即偿还的人所提供的信贷。因此，当一个公司在交货后30天付款购买商品，或在提供服务后两个月付款获得服务时，其经济效果与该公司向卖方或供应商借款相同。更接近的情况是，公司以分期付款或融资租赁的方式从金融公司获得设备。设备是立即获得的，但“价格”是在很长一段时间内分期支付的。要了解中小企业(SMEs)是如何融资的，重要的是要认识到这种类型的借款是普遍存在的，而且销售商品、提供服务或融资租赁协议或融资租赁的公司本身也需要融资。为了满足给予信贷的市场要求，这些公司需要预付现金，以支付向接收它们的公司提供货物、服务或设备所需的支出。即使是银行也需要通过债务融资，因为它们最终无法满足通过股权融资、存款(如果它们接受存款)和利润发放的所有贷款的成本。这也适用于贷款融资的替代提供商，尽管他们通常要么借出自己的钱(个人，政府)，要么把他们持有的钱借给投资者，这实际上就像股权融资，因为投资者承担了损失的风险(对冲基金，私募股权公司)。然而，非银行贷款机构很可能通过杠杆——也就是债务融资——来提高回报。提供信贷的人经常利用欠他们的还款义务，使他们能够获得债务融资，要么以这些债务的担保借款，要么以一定价格直接转让这些债务。银行通过发行短期债务证券(商业票据)或通过回购(结构上出售和回购，但经济上与短期借款相同)在货币市场上获得大部分资金。${}^{82}$这些细节超出了本书的范围。

经济代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Protection of Creditors: Contractual and Proprietary

还必须考虑债权人在贷款或预付信贷时需要什么保护，以及这如何影响交易结构。债权人关心的第一个主要问题是信用风险，即拒付风险。这种风险可通过若干方式减轻，主要是由债权人根据其与借款人的协议获得权利。这些权利可以是契约性的，也可以是所有权的。合同权利仅针对合同对手方，而所有权则与资产有关。两者之间的主要区别在于借款人破产的情况:具有所有权的债权人将优先于一般类别的无担保债权人，而仅具有合同权利的债权人则属于后一类。这方面有有限的例外，例如抵销，在许多情况下，抵销在破产时有效。$ {} ^ {92} $

所有权可以是绝对权益，也可以是担保权益。第七章将详细讨论这两种利益的区别。如果债权人拥有绝对权益，它就成为或仍然是相关资产的绝对所有者。相比之下，证券权益是对担保偿还义务的资产的所有权权益。它仅扩展到该债务的金额，因此在执行时，有义务向借款人解释资产中的任何剩余价值。担保利益的形式各不相同:质押和留置权是占有利益(在本书中没有详细讨论)。一种非占有权担保权益是抵押。在这里，资产的所有权转移给贷款人，贷款人有义务在有担保的债务得到偿还时重新转让资产。另一种类型是押记，它不涉及所有权的转让，而是对资产的负担。收费可以是固定的或浮动的。如果贷款人有固定的押记，未经贷款人同意，借款人不得处置押记资产。如果贷款人的费用是浮动的，借款人可以做出这样的处置。因此，浮动费用通常会接管流动资产，使贷款人能够对公司的所有资产进行担保。这些兴趣将在第七章进行更详细的讨论。

统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

金融工程代写

非参数统计代写

非参数统计指的是一种统计方法，其中不假设数据来自于由少数参数决定的规定模型；这种模型的例子包括正态分布模型和线性回归模型。

广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型（GLM）归属统计学领域，是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

有限元方法代写

随机分析代写

时间序列分析代写

回归分析代写

MATLAB代写

R语言代写	问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写	回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写	方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写	机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写	计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写	时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写	深度学习代写
SQL代写	各种数据建模与可视化代写

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考|Socialism

Posted on 2023年5月20日2023年5月20日 by statistics-lab_01, statistics-lab_01

如果你也在怎样代写国际商贸International Business 这个学科遇到相关的难题，请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。国际商贸International Business一词是指任何跨越国际边界的业务。最基本的是，它包括国家之间的货物和服务的销售。国际商业是指跨越国界和在全球或跨国范围内的货物、服务、技术、资本和/或知识的贸易。

国际商贸International Business涉及两个或多个国家之间的货物和服务的跨境交易。经济资源的交易包括资本、技能和人员，目的是在国际上生产实物产品和服务，如金融、银行、保险和建筑。国际商业也被称为全球化。为了在海外开展业务，跨国公司需要将独立的国家市场连接成一个全球市场。有两个宏观规模的因素强调了更大的全球化趋势。第一个因素包括消除障碍，使跨境贸易更加容易（例如，货物和服务以及资本的自由流动，被称为 “自由贸易”）。第二是技术变革，特别是通信、信息处理和运输技术的发展。

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航在代写国际商贸International Business方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写国际商贸International Business代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写国际商贸International Business相关的作业也就用不着说。

我们提供的国际商贸International Business及其相关学科的代写，服务范围广, 其中包括但不限于:

Statistical Inference 统计推断
Statistical Computing 统计计算
Advanced Probability Theory 高等概率论
Advanced Mathematical Statistics 高等数理统计学
(Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考|The Globalization Debate

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考|Socialism

Is the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent global economy a good thing? Many influential economists, politicians, and business leaders seem to think so..$^{30}$ They argue that falling barriers to international trade and investment are the twin engines driving the global economy toward greater prosperity. They say increased international trade and crossborder investment will result in lower prices for goods and services. They believe that globalization stimulates economic growth, raises the incomes of consumers, and helps create jobs in all countries that participate in the global trading system. The arguments of those who support globalization are covered in detail in Chapters 6,7 , and 8 . As we shall see, there are good theoretical reasons for believing that declining barriers to international trade and investment do stimulate economic growth, create jobs, and raise income levels. Moreover, as described in Chapters 6, 7, and 8, empirical evidence lends support to the predictions of this theory. However, despite the existence of a compelling body of theory and evidence, globalization has its critics. ${ }^{31}$ Some of these critics are vocal and active, taking to the streets to demonstrate their opposition to globalization. Here, we look at the nature of protests against globalization and briefly review the main themes of the debate concerning the merits of globalization. In later chapters, we elaborate on many of these points.
ANTIGLOBALIZATION PROTESTS
Popular demonstrations against globalization date back to December 1999, when more than 40,000 protesters blocked the streets of Seattle in an attempt to shut down a World Trade Organization meeting being held in the city. The demonstrators were protesting against a wide range of issues, including job losses in industries under attack from foreign competitors, downward pressure on the wage rates of unskilled workers, environmental degradation, and the cultural imperialism of global media and multinational enterprises, which was seen as being dominated by what some protesters called the “culturally impoverished” interests and values of the United States. All of these ills, the demonstrators claimed, could be laid at the feet of globalization. The World Trade Organization was meeting to try to launch a new round of talks to cut barriers to cross-border trade and investment. As such, it was seen as a promoter of globalization and a target for the protesters. The protests turned violent, transforming the normally placid streets of Seattle into a running battle between “anarchists” and Seattle’s bemused and poorly prepared police department. Pictures of brick-throwing protesters and armored police wielding their batons were duly recorded by the global media, which then circulated the images around the world. Meanwhile, the WTO meeting failed to reach an agreement, and although the protests outside the meeting halls had little to do with that failure, the impression took hold that the demonstrators had succeeded in derailing the meetings.

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考|Individualism

The opposite of collectivism, individualism refers to a philosophy that an individual should have freedom in his or her economic and political pursuits. In contrast to collectivism, individualism stresses that the interests of the individual should take precedence over the interests of the state. Like collectivism, individualism can be traced to an ancient Greek philosopher, in this case Plato’s disciple Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). In contrast to Plato, Aristotle argued that individual diversity and private ownership are desirable. In a passage that might have been taken from a speech by contemporary politicians who adhere to a free market ideology, he argued that private property is more highly productive than communal property and will thus stimulate progress. According to Aristotle, communal property receives little care, whereas property that is owned by an individual will receive the greatest care and therefore be most productive.

Individualism was reborn as an influential political philosophy in the Protestant trading nations of England and the Netherlands during the sixteenth century. The philosophy was refined in the work of a number of British philosophers, including David Hume (1711-1776), Adam Smith (1723-1790), and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). Individualism exercised a profound influence on those in the American colonies that sought independence from Great Britain. Indeed, the concept underlies the ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence. In the twentieth century, several Nobel Prize-winning economists-including Milton Friedman, Friedrich von Hayek, and James Buchananchampioned the philosophy.

Individualism is built on two central tenets. The first is an emphasis on the importance of guaranteeing individual freedom and self-expression. The second tenet of individualism is that the welfare of society is best served by letting people pursue their own economic self-interest, as opposed to some collective body (such as government) dictating what is in society’s best interest. Or, as Adam Smith put it in a famous passage from The Wealth of Nations, “an individual who intends his own gain is led by an invisible hand to promote an end that was no part of his intention. Nor is it always worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest, he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. This author has never known much good done by those who effect to trade for the public good.”

国际商贸代考

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考|Socialism

向更加一体化和相互依赖的全球经济转变是一件好事吗?许多有影响力的经济学家、政治家和商界领袖似乎都这么认为。他们认为，降低国际贸易和投资壁垒是推动全球经济更加繁荣的双引擎。他们表示，国际贸易和跨境投资的增加将导致商品和服务价格的降低。他们认为，全球化刺激经济增长，提高消费者收入，并有助于在参与全球贸易体系的所有国家创造就业机会。支持全球化的人的论点在第6、7和8章中有详细的论述。正如我们将看到的，有充分的理论理由相信，国际贸易和投资壁垒的下降确实刺激了经济增长，创造了就业机会，提高了收入水平。此外，如第6、7和8章所述，经验证据支持这一理论的预测。然而，尽管存在大量令人信服的理论和证据，全球化仍有批评者。${}^{31}$其中一些批评者是直言不讳和积极的，走上街头表明他们反对全球化。在这里，我们看看反对全球化的抗议的性质，并简要回顾有关全球化优点的辩论的主题。在后面的章节中，我们详细阐述了这些观点。
反全球化抗议
反对全球化的大规模示威活动可以追溯到1999年12月，当时有4万多名抗议者封锁了西雅图的街道，试图阻止在该市举行的世界贸易组织会议。示威者抗议的是一系列广泛的问题，包括受到外国竞争对手攻击的行业的失业、非熟练工人工资率的下行压力、环境恶化，以及全球媒体和跨国企业的文化帝国主义。一些抗议者认为，这些文化帝国主义被美国的“文化贫困”利益和价值观所主导。示威者声称，所有这些弊病都可以归咎于全球化。世界贸易组织正在举行会议，试图启动新一轮谈判，以削减跨境贸易和投资壁垒。因此，它被视为全球化的推动者和抗议者的目标。抗议活动演变成暴力活动，将西雅图通常平静的街道变成了“无政府主义者”与西雅图困惑且准备不足的警察部门之间的持续战斗。抗议者投掷砖块和武装警察挥舞警棍的照片被全球媒体及时记录下来，然后在世界各地传播这些照片。与此同时，世贸组织会议未能达成协议，尽管会场外的抗议活动与会议的失败无关，但人们普遍认为，示威者成功地破坏了会议。

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考|Individualism

与集体主义相反，个人主义是指个人在经济和政治追求上应该有自由的哲学。与集体主义相反，个人主义强调个人利益应优先于国家利益。和集体主义一样，个人主义可以追溯到一位古希腊哲学家，即柏拉图的弟子亚里士多德(公元前384-322年)。与柏拉图相反，亚里士多德认为个体多样性和私有制是可取的。在一段可能是从坚持自由市场意识形态的当代政治家的演讲中摘录出来的文章中，他认为私有财产比公共财产更具生产力，因此会刺激进步。根据亚里士多德的说法，公共财产得到的照顾很少，而个人拥有的财产将得到最大的照顾，因此也最具生产力。

个人主义在16世纪的新教贸易国家英格兰和荷兰作为一种有影响力的政治哲学而重生。这种哲学在许多英国哲学家的著作中得到了完善，包括大卫·休谟(1711-1776)、亚当·斯密(1723-1790)和约翰·斯图亚特·密尔(1806-1873)。个人主义对那些寻求脱离英国独立的美国殖民地人民产生了深远的影响。事实上，这一概念是《独立宣言》所表达的思想的基础。在20世纪，几位获得诺贝尔奖的经济学家——包括米尔顿·弗里德曼、弗里德里希·冯·哈耶克和詹姆斯·布坎南——支持这一哲学。

个人主义建立在两个核心原则之上。首先是强调保障个人自由和自我表达的重要性。个人主义的第二个原则是，让人们追求自己的经济利益，而不是由某些集体(如政府)来决定什么是社会的最佳利益，这样才能最好地服务于社会的福利。或者，正如亚当·斯密在《国富论》中的一段著名段落中所说，“一个追求自身利益的人，会被一只看不见的手所引导，去推动一个并非他本意的目标。”对一个社会来说，它也并不总是因为它不是社会的一部分而变得更糟。通过追求自己的利益，他常常比他真正想要促进社会利益的时候更有效地促进了社会利益。笔者从未听说过，那些为了公众利益而进行贸易的人做了多少好事。”

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考请认准statistics-lab™

统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

金融工程代写

非参数统计代写

非参数统计指的是一种统计方法，其中不假设数据来自于由少数参数决定的规定模型；这种模型的例子包括正态分布模型和线性回归模型。

广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型（GLM）归属统计学领域，是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

有限元方法代写

随机分析代写

时间序列分析代写

回归分析代写

MATLAB代写

R语言代写	问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写	回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写	方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写	机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写	计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写	时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写	深度学习代写
SQL代写	各种数据建模与可视化代写

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考|The Globalization Debate

Posted on 2023年5月20日2023年5月20日 by statistics-lab_01, statistics-lab_01

我们提供的国际商贸International Business及其相关学科的代写，服务范围广, 其中包括但不限于:

Statistical Inference 统计推断
Statistical Computing 统计计算
Advanced Probability Theory 高等概率论
Advanced Mathematical Statistics 高等数理统计学
(Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考|The Globalization Debate

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考|GLOBALIZATION, JOBS, AND INCOME

One concern frequently voiced by globalization opponents is that falling barriers to international trade destroy manufacturing jobs in wealthy advanced economies such as the United States and western Europe. Critics argue that falling trade barriers allow firms to move manufacturing activities to countries where wage rates are much lower. ${ }^{32}$ Indeed, due to the entry of China, India, and states from eastern Europe into the global trading system, along with global population growth, the pool of global labor has increased more than fivefold between 1990 and today. Other things being equal, we might conclude that this enormous expansion in the global labor force, when coupled with expanding international trade, would have depressed wages in developed nations.

This fear is often supported by anecdotes. For example, D. L. Bartlett and J. B. Steele, two journalists for the Philadelphia Inquirer who gained notoriety for their attacks on free trade, cite the case of Harwood Industries, a U.S. clothing manufacturer that closed its U.S. operations, where it paid workers $\$ 9$ per hour, and shifted manufacturing to Honduras, where textile workers received 48 cents per hour. ${ }^{33}$ Because of moves such as this, argue Bartlett and Steele, the wage rates of poorer Americans have fallen significantly over the past quarter of a century.
In the past few years, the same fears have been applied to services, which have increasingly been outsourced to nations with lower labor costs. The popular feeling is that when corporations such as Dell, IBM, or Citigroup outsource service activities to lower-cost foreign suppliers-as all three have done-they are “exporting jobs” to low-wage nations and contributing to higher unemployment and lower living standards in their home nations (in this case, the United States). Some U.S. lawmakers have responded by calling for legal barriers to job outsourcing.
Supporters of globalization reply that critics of these trends miss the essential point about free trade agreements-the benefits outweigh the costs. ${ }^{34}$ They argue that free trade will result in countries specializing in the production of those goods and services that they can produce most efficiently, while importing goods and services that they cannot produce as efficiently. When a country embraces free trade, there is always some dislocation-lost textile jobs at Harwood Industries or lost call-center jobs at Dell-but the whole economy is better off as a result. According to this view, it makes little sense for the United States to produce textiles at home when they can be produced at a lower cost in Honduras or China. Importing textiles from China leads to lower prices for clothes in the United States, which enables consumers to spend more of their money on other items. At the same time, the increased income generated in China from textile exports increases income levels in that country, which helps the Chinese purchase more products produced in the United States, such as pharmaceuticals from Amgen, Boeing jets, microprocessors made by Intel, Microsoft software, and Cisco routers.

国际商贸代考

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考|The Globalization Debate

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考|GLOBALIZATION, JOBS, AND INCOME

全球化反对者经常表达的一个担忧是，国际贸易壁垒的下降会破坏美国和西欧等富裕发达经济体的制造业就业机会。批评人士认为，贸易壁垒的降低使企业能够将制造活动转移到工资水平低得多的国家。的确，由于中国、印度和东欧国家加入全球贸易体系，加上全球人口增长，从1990年到今天，全球劳动力总量增加了五倍多。在其他条件相同的情况下，我们可以得出这样的结论:全球劳动力的巨大扩张，加上不断扩大的国际贸易，将压低发达国家的工资水平。

这种恐惧往往是由轶事支持的。例如，《费城问询报》(Philadelphia Inquirer)的两位记者d·l·巴特利特(D. L. Bartlett)和j·b·斯蒂尔(J. B. Steele)以哈伍德工业公司(Harwood Industries)为例。哈伍德工业公司是一家美国服装制造商，它关闭了在美国的业务，向工人支付每小时9美元的工资，并将制造业转移到洪都拉斯，那里的纺织工人每小时工资为48美分。巴特利特和斯蒂尔认为，正是由于这样的举措，美国穷人的工资率在过去的25年里显著下降。
在过去的几年里，同样的担忧也出现在服务业上，服务业越来越多地被外包给劳动力成本更低的国家。普遍的感觉是，当像戴尔、IBM或花旗集团这样的公司将服务活动外包给低成本的外国供应商时——就像这三家公司所做的那样——他们是在向低工资国家“输出工作”，并导致本国(在这种情况下是美国)的失业率上升和生活水平下降。一些美国议员对此作出回应，呼吁对工作外包设置法律障碍。
全球化的支持者回应说，批评这些趋势的人忽略了自由贸易协定的要点——收益大于成本。他们认为，自由贸易将导致各国专门生产他们最有效生产的商品和服务，同时进口他们生产效率不高的商品和服务。当一个国家接受自由贸易时，总会出现一些混乱——哈伍德工业公司失去了纺织工作岗位，或者戴尔公司失去了呼叫中心的工作岗位——但整个经济都会因此变得更好。根据这种观点，当纺织品可以在洪都拉斯或中国以更低的成本生产时，美国在国内生产纺织品就没有什么意义了。从中国进口纺织品会降低美国的服装价格，从而使消费者能够将更多的钱花在其他商品上。与此同时，中国纺织品出口带来的收入增加提高了该国的收入水平，这有助于中国购买更多美国生产的产品，如安进(Amgen)的药品、波音(Boeing)飞机、英特尔(Intel)的微处理器、微软(Microsoft)的软件和思科(Cisco)的路由器。

统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

金融工程代写

非参数统计代写

非参数统计指的是一种统计方法，其中不假设数据来自于由少数参数决定的规定模型；这种模型的例子包括正态分布模型和线性回归模型。

广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型（GLM）归属统计学领域，是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

有限元方法代写

随机分析代写

时间序列分析代写

回归分析代写

MATLAB代写

R语言代写	问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写	回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写	方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写	机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写	计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写	时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写	深度学习代写
SQL代写	各种数据建模与可视化代写

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考|Implications for the Globalization of Production

Posted on 2023年5月20日2023年5月20日 by statistics-lab_01, statistics-lab_01

我们提供的国际商贸International Business及其相关学科的代写，服务范围广, 其中包括但不限于:

Statistical Inference 统计推断
Statistical Computing 统计计算
Advanced Probability Theory 高等概率论
Advanced Mathematical Statistics 高等数理统计学
(Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考|Implications for the Globalization of Production

As transportation costs associated with the globalization of production have declined, dispersal of production to geographically separate locations has become more economical. As a result of the technological innovations discussed earlier, the real costs of information processing and communication have fallen dramatically in the past two decades. These developments make it possible for a firm to create and then manage a globally dispersed production system, further facilitating the globalization of production. A worldwide communications network has become essential for many international businesses. For example, Dell uses the Internet to coordinate and control a globally dispersed production system to such an extent that it holds only three days’ worth of inventory at its assembly locations. Dell’s Internetbased system records orders for computer equipment as they are submitted by customers via the company’s website and then immediately transmits the resulting orders for components to various suppliers around the world, which have a real-time look at Dell’s order flow and can adjust their production schedules accordingly. Given the low cost of airfreight, Dell can use air transportation to speed up the delivery of critical components to meet unanticipated demand shifts without delaying the shipment of final product to consumers. Dell has also used modern communications technology to outsource its customer service operations to India. When U.S. customers call Dell with a service inquiry, they are routed to Bangalore in India, where English-speaking service personnel handle the call.
Implications for the Globalization of Markets
In addition to the globalization of production, technological innovations have facilitated the globalization of markets. Low-cost global communications networks, including those built on top of the Internet, are helping create electronic global marketplaces. As noted earlier, low-cost transportation has made it more economical to ship products around the world, thereby helping create global markets. In addition, low-cost jet travel has resulted in the mass movement of people between countries. This has reduced the cultural distance between countries and is bringing about some convergence of consumer tastes and preferences. At the same time, global communications networks and global media are creating a worldwide culture. U.S. television networks such as $\mathrm{CNN}$ and $\mathrm{HBO}$ are now received in many countries, Hollywood films are shown the world over, while non-U.S. news networks such as the BBC and Al Jazeera also have a global footprint. In any society, the media are primary conveyors of culture; as global media develop, we must expect the evolution of something akin to a global culture. A logical result of this evolution is the emergence of global markets for consumer products. Clear signs of this are apparent. It is now as easy to find a McDonald’s restaurant in Tokyo as it is in New York, to buy an iPad in Rio as it is in Berlin, and to buy Gap jeans in Paris as it is in San Francisco.

Despite these trends, we must be careful not to overemphasize their importance. While modern communications and transportation technologies are ushering in the “global village,” significant national differences remain in culture, consumer preferences, and business practices. A firm that ignores differences among countries does so at its peril. We shall stress this point repeatedly throughout this text and elaborate on it in later chapters.

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考|The Changing Demographics of the Global Economy

Hand in hand with the trend toward globalization has been a fairly dramatic change in the demographics of the global economy over the past 30 years. As late as the 1960 s, four stylized facts described the demographics of the global economy. The first was U.S. dominance in the world economy and world trade picture. The second was U.S. dominance in world foreign direct investment. Related to this, the third fact was the dominance of large, multinational U.S. firms on the international business scene. The fourth was that roughly half the globe-the centrally planned economies of the communist world-was off-limits to Western international businesses. All four of these facts have changed rapidly.
THE CHANGING WORLD OUTPUT AND WORLD TRADE PICTURE
In the early 1960s, the United States was still by far the world’s dominant industrial power. In 1960 , the United States accounted for 38.3 percent of world output, measured by gross domestic product (GDP). By 2018, the United States accounted for 15.8 percent of world output, with China now at 17.1 percent of world output and the global leader in this category (see Table 1.2). The United States was not the only developed nation to see its relative standing slip. The same occurred to Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, and Canada-as just a few examples. These were all nations that were among the first to industrialize globally.
Of course, the change in the U.S. position was not an absolute decline because the U.S. economy grew significantly between 1960 and 2018 (the economies of Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, and Canada also grew during this time). Rather, it was a relative decline, reflecting the faster economic growth of several other economies, particularly China as well as several other nations in Asia. For example, as can be seen from Table 1.2, from 1960 to today, China’s share of world output increased from a trivial amount to 17.1 percent, making it the world’s largest economy in terms of its share in world output (the U.S. is still the largest economy overall). Other countries that markedly increased their share of world output included Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Taiwan, Brazil, and South Korea.
By the end of the 1980s, the U.S. position as the world’s leading trading nation was being challenged. Over the past 30 years, U.S. dominance in export markets has waned as Japan, Germany, and a number of newly industrialized countries such as South Korea and China have taken a larger share of world exports. During the 1960s, the United States routinely accounted for 20 percent of world exports of manufactured goods. But as Table 1.2 shows, the U.S. share of world exports of goods and services had slipped to 8.2 percent by 2017, significantly behind that of China.

国际商贸代考

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考|Implications for the Globalization of Production

随着与生产全球化相关的运输成本下降，将生产分散到地理上不同的地点变得更加经济。由于前面讨论的技术革新，信息处理和通信的实际成本在过去二十年中急剧下降。这些发展使公司有可能创造并管理一个全球分散的生产系统，进一步促进生产的全球化。世界范围的通信网络对许多国际企业来说已变得必不可少。例如，戴尔利用互联网来协调和控制一个全球分散的生产系统，以至于它在组装地点只保留三天的库存。戴尔基于互联网的系统记录了客户通过公司网站提交的计算机设备订单，然后立即将由此产生的部件订单传送给世界各地的各个供应商，这些供应商可以实时查看戴尔的订单流，并相应地调整其生产计划。考虑到空运的低成本，戴尔可以利用空运来加快关键部件的交付速度，以满足意想不到的需求变化，而不会延迟最终产品向消费者的发货。戴尔还利用现代通信技术将其客户服务业务外包给印度。当美国客户打电话给戴尔咨询服务时，他们会被转接到印度的班加罗尔，由会说英语的服务人员处理电话。
对市场全球化的影响
除了生产的全球化之外，技术革新也促进了市场的全球化。低成本的全球通信网络，包括那些建立在互联网之上的网络，正在帮助创建电子全球市场。如前所述，低成本的运输使得在世界各地运输产品更加经济，从而有助于创造全球市场。此外，低成本的喷气式飞机旅行导致了国家之间的大规模人口流动。这减少了国家之间的文化距离，并带来了消费者品味和偏好的某种趋同。与此同时，全球通信网络和全球媒体正在创造一种世界文化。美国的电视网络，如CNN和HBO，现在在许多国家都能看到，好莱坞的电影在世界各地都能看到。英国广播公司(BBC)和半岛电视台(Al Jazeera)等新闻网络的足迹也遍布全球。在任何社会中，媒体都是文化的主要传播者;随着全球媒体的发展，我们必须期待某种类似于全球文化的东西的演变。这种演变的一个合乎逻辑的结果是消费品全球市场的出现。这方面的明显迹象很明显。现在，在东京找到一家麦当劳(McDonald’s)餐厅和在纽约一样容易，在里约买到一台iPad和在柏林一样容易，在巴黎买到盖普(Gap)牛仔裤和在旧金山一样容易。

尽管有这些趋势，我们必须小心不要过分强调它们的重要性。虽然现代通讯和运输技术正在引领“地球村”的到来，但各国在文化、消费者偏好和商业实践方面仍然存在显著差异。一个忽视国家间差异的公司是在冒险。我们将在本文中反复强调这一点，并在后面的章节中加以阐述。

会计代写|国际商贸代写International Business代考|The Changing Demographics of the Global Economy

在过去的30年里，伴随着全球化的趋势，全球经济的人口结构发生了相当戏剧性的变化。直到20世纪60年代，有四个程式化的事实描述了全球经济的人口结构。首先是美国在世界经济和世界贸易中的主导地位。第二个是美国在世界外国直接投资中的主导地位。与此相关的第三个事实是美国大型跨国公司在国际商业舞台上的主导地位。第四，全球大约有一半的地区——共产主义世界的中央计划经济——是禁止西方国际企业进入的。这四个事实都发生了迅速的变化。
不断变化的世界产出和世界贸易形势
在20世纪60年代初，美国仍然是世界上占主导地位的工业大国。1960年，按国内生产总值(GDP)计算，美国占世界产出的38.3%。到2018年，美国占世界产出的15.8%，中国目前占世界产出的17.1%，是这一类别的全球领导者(见表1.2)。美国并不是唯一一个相对地位下滑的发达国家。同样的情况也发生在德国、法国、意大利、英国和加拿大——这只是其中的几个例子。这些国家都是最早实现全球工业化的国家。
当然，美国地位的变化并不是绝对下降，因为美国经济在1960年至2018年期间显著增长(德国、法国、意大利、英国和加拿大的经济也在此期间增长)。相反，这是一种相对下降，反映了其他几个经济体，特别是中国和其他几个亚洲国家经济增长更快。例如，从表1.2可以看出，从1960年到今天，中国占世界产出的份额从微不足道增加到17.1%，使其成为世界上占世界产出份额最大的经济体(美国仍然是世界上最大的经济体)。日本、泰国、马来西亚、台湾、巴西和韩国等在全球产出中所占份额显著增加的国家和地区。
到20世纪80年代末，美国作为世界主要贸易国的地位受到了挑战。在过去的30年里，随着日本、德国以及韩国和中国等一些新兴工业化国家在世界出口中占据更大的份额，美国在出口市场上的主导地位已经减弱。在20世纪60年代，美国通常占世界制成品出口的20%。但如表1.2所示，到2017年，美国在全球商品和服务出口中所占的份额已下滑至8.2%，远远落后于中国。

统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

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广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型（GLM）归属统计学领域，是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

有限元方法代写

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R语言代写	问卷设计与分析代写
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SQL代写	各种数据建模与可视化代写

会计代写|管理会计代写Management Accounting代考|COST OBJECTS

Posted on 2023年5月20日2023年5月20日 by statistics-lab_01, statistics-lab_01

如果你也在怎样代写管理会计Management Accounting ACCT6001这个学科遇到相关的难题，请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。管理会计Management Accounting为组织的内部管理部门、其雇员、经理和行政人员提供财务信息，以便为决策提供依据并提高绩效。换句话说，管理会计师是战略伙伴。在管理会计或管理会计中，管理人员在决策中使用会计信息，并协助管理和履行其控制职能。

管理会计 Management Accounting的一个简单定义是向管理人员提供财务和非财务决策信息。换句话说，管理会计帮助组织内部的董事进行决策。这也可以被称为成本会计。这是区分、检查、破译和向主管人员传授数据的方式，以帮助完成商业目标。收集的信息包括所有领域的会计，教育行政部门识别财务支出和组织决策的业务任务。会计师使用计划来衡量组织内的整体运营战略。

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航在代写管理会计Management Accounting方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写管理会计Management Accounting代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写管理会计Management Accounting相关的作业也就用不着说。

会计代写|管理会计代写Management Accounting代考|COST OBJECTS

A cost object is any activity for which a separate measurement of costs is desired. In other words, if the users of accounting information want to know the cost of something, this something is called a cost object. Examples of cost objects include the cost of a product, the cost of rendering a service to a bank customer or hospital patient, the cost of operating a particular department or sales territory or indeed anything for which one wants to measure the cost of resources used.

We shall see that the cost collection system typically accounts for costs in two broad stages:
1 It accumulates costs by classifying them into certain categories such as by type of expense (e.g. direct labour, direct materials and indirect costs) or by cost behaviour (such as fixed and variable costs).
2 It then assigns these costs to cost objects.
In this chapter we shall focus on the following cost terms and concepts:

direct and indirect costs;
period and product costs;
cost behaviour in relation to volume of activity;
relevant and irrelevant costs;
avoidable and unavoidable costs;
sunk costs;
opportunity costs;
incremental and marginal costs.

会计代写|管理会计代写Management Accounting代考|MANUFACTURING, MERCHANDISING AND SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS

To provide a better understanding of how different cost terms are used in organizations it is appropriate to describe the major features of activities undertaken in the manufacturing, merchandising and service organizations. Manufacturing organizations purchase raw materials from suppliers and convert these materials into tangible products through the use of labour and capital inputs (e.g. plant and machinery). This process results in manufacturing organizations having the following types of inventories:

Raw material inventories consisting of purchased raw materials in stock awaiting use in the manufacturing process.

Work in progress inventory (also called work in process) consisting of partially complete products awaiting completion.

Finished goods inventory consisting of fully completed products that have not yet been sold.
Merchandising companies such as supermarkets, retail departmental stores and wholesalers sell tangible products that they have previously purchased in the same basic form from suppliers. Therefore they have only finished goods inventories. Service organizations such as accounting firms, insurance companies, advertising agencies and hospitals provide tasks or activities for customers. A major feature of service organizations is that they provide perishable services that cannot be stored for future use. Therefore service organizations do not have finished goods inventory but some service organizations do have work in process. For example, a firm of lawyers may have clients whose work is partially complete at the end of the accounting period.

管理会计代考

会计代写|管理会计代写Management Accounting代考|COST OBJECTS

成本对象是需要单独计量成本的任何活动。换句话说，如果会计信息的使用者想要知道某物的成本，这个东西就被称为成本对象。成本对象的例子包括产品成本、向银行客户或医院病人提供服务的成本、运营特定部门或销售区域的成本，或者任何想要衡量所使用资源成本的东西。

我们将看到，成本收集系统通常分为两个主要阶段:
它通过将成本按费用类型(如直接人工、直接材料和间接成本)或按成本行为(如固定成本和可变成本)分类来积累成本。
然后将这些成本分配给成本对象。
在本章中，我们将重点讨论以下成本术语和概念:

直接和间接成本;

周期和产品成本;

与活动量有关的成本行为;

会计代写|管理会计代写Management Accounting代考|MANUFACTURING, MERCHANDISING AND SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS

为了更好地理解组织中如何使用不同的成本术语，描述制造、销售和服务组织中所进行活动的主要特征是适当的。制造组织从供应商处购买原材料，并通过使用劳动力和资本投入(如工厂和机器)将这些原材料转化为有形产品。这一过程导致制造组织拥有以下类型的库存:

原材料库存是指库存中等待在生产过程中使用的采购原材料。

在制品库存(亦称在制品库存)由部分完成的待完成产品组成。

成品库存，由尚未售出的完全完成的产品组成。
销售公司，如超市、零售百货商店和批发商，销售他们以前从供应商那里购买的相同基本形式的有形产品。因此他们只有成品库存。服务机构如会计师事务所、保险公司、广告公司和医院为客户提供任务或活动。服务组织的一个主要特征是，它们提供的服务容易过期，不能存储以备将来使用。因此，服务机构没有成品库存，但一些服务机构确实有在制品。例如，一家律师事务所可能有一些客户，他们的工作在会计期末部分完成。

会计代写|管理会计代写Management Accounting代考请认准statistics-lab™

统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

R语言代写	问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写	回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写	方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写	机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写	计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写	时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写	深度学习代写
SQL代写	各种数据建模与可视化代写