分类: Economics代考

经济代写|Microeconomics代考微观经济学代写|How People Interact

如果你也在 怎样代写Economics这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。

经济学是研究稀缺性及其对资源的使用、商品和服务的生产、生产和福利的长期增长的影响,以及对社会至关重要的其他大量复杂问题的研究。

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写Economics方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写Economics代写方面经验极为丰富,各种代写Economics相关的作业也就用不着说。

我们提供的Economics及其相关学科的代写,服务范围广, 其中包括但不限于:

  • Statistical Inference 统计推断
  • Statistical Computing 统计计算
  • Advanced Probability Theory 高等概率论
  • Advanced Mathematical Statistics 高等数理统计学
  • (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
  • Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
  • Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
  • Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础
经济代写|Microeconomics代考微观经济学代写|How People Interact

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off

The United States and China are competitors with Europe in the world economy because US and Chinese firms produce many of the same goods as European firms. It might be thought that if China increases its share of world trade at the expense of Europe this might be bad news for people in Europe. This might not be the case.

Trade between Europe and the United States and China is not like a sports contest, where one side wins and the other side loses (a zero-sum game). In some circumstances trade between economies can make all better off. Households, firms and countries have different resource endowments; individuals have talents and skills that allow them to produce some things more efficiently than others; some firms have experience and expertise in the production of goods and services; and some countries, like Spain, are blessed by plenty of sunshine which allows their farmers to grow high quality soft fruit. Trade allows individuals, firms and countries to specialize in the activities they do best. With the income they receive from specializing they can trade with others who are also specializing and can improve their standard of living as a result.

However, while trade can provide benefits and winners, there are also likely to be costs and losers. The economic development of some countries in the last 50 years has meant that many people have access to cheap, good quality goods and services as a result of the export of these goods and services. For workers and employers in these industries in developed economies, the competition from developing countries might mean that they find themselves without work or must close their businesses. In some situations, it is difficult for these people to find alternative work, and whole communities can be greatly affected by the changes being experienced. They may not agree that ‘trade can benefit everyone’.

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|The Capitalist Economic System

The economic problem highlights three questions that any society must answer. What goods and services should be produced, how they are to be produced and who will get what is produced are determined by the economic system. An economic system is the way in which resources are organized and allocated to provide for the needs of an economy’s citizens. In many countries of the world, a capitalist economic system based on markets is the primary way in which the three questions are addressed. A capitalist economic system incorporates the principles of the private ownership of factors of production to produce goods and services which are exchanged through a price mechanism. Production is operated primarily for profit.

Capitalist economic systems have proved capable of raising the standard of living of millions of people over the last 200 years. We can measure the standard of living in terms of the income that people earn which allows them to purchase the goods and services they need to survive and enjoy life. While capitalist systems have increased living standards for many, it is not the case that everyone in society benefits equally. Capitalism has meant that some people and countries have become very rich whereas others remain poor. The existence of the profit motive provides an incentive for entrepreneurs to take risks to organize factors of production. This dynamism in capitalist systems not only leads to developments in technology and capital efficiency which help generate profits for the individuals and firms concerned but also increases knowledge and information in society as a whole, which further contributes to economic development.

Critics of capitalist systems argue that they are inherently unstable and lurch from boom to bust. In addition, capitalist systems favour those who have acquired ownership of factor inputs. Ownership of factor inputs can result in the exploitation of workers. Owners of factors of production can wield considerable economic and political power which can distort resource allocation. Karl Marx spent a large part of his life seeking to understand and analyze the capitalist system and develop theories to explain why it exploited workers and was unstable.

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|Markets Can Be a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity

The role of markets in capitalist economic systems is central. In a market economy, the three key questions of the economic problem are addressed through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. Firms decide whom to hire and what to make. Households decide which firms to work for and what to buy with their incomes. These firms and households interact in the marketplace, where prices and, it is assumed, self-interest guide their decisions.

In a pure market economy (one without any government intervention) no one is considering the economic well-being of society as a whole. Free markets contain many buyers and sellers of numerous goods and services, and all of them are interested, primarily, in their own well-being. Yet, despite decentralized decision-making and self-interested decision-makers, market economies have proven remarkably successful in organizing economic activity in a way that can promote overall economic well-being for millions of people, even though it is recognized there are inequalities that will arise.

Planned Economic Systems The inequitable distribution of wealth in capitalist societies which was witnessed in the countries which benefitted from the Industrial Revolution in the 1700 s and 1800 s led to the development of other economic systems, most notably planned economic systems, sometimes referred to as communist systems or command economies. Communist countries worked on the premise that central planners could guide economic activity and answer the three key questions of the economic problem. The theory behind central planning was that the government could organize economic activity in a way that promoted economic well-being for the country as a whole and led to a more equitable outcome.

经济代写|Microeconomics代考微观经济学代写|How People Interact

微观经济学代考

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off

美国和中国是世界经济中欧洲的竞争对手,因为美国和中国公司生产的许多商品与欧洲公司相同。人们可能会认为,如果中国以牺牲欧洲为代价增加其在世界贸易中的份额,这对欧洲人民来说可能是个坏消息。情况可能并非如此。

欧美与中国之间的贸易不像一场体育竞赛,一方赢一方输(零和博弈)。在某些情况下,经济体之间的贸易可以使一切变得更好。家庭、企业和国家拥有不同的资源禀赋;个人拥有使他们能够比其他人更有效地生产某些东西的才能和技能;一些公司在商品和服务的生产方面具有经验和专业知识;一些国家,如西班牙,拥有充足的阳光,这使他们的农民能够种植出优质的软果。贸易使个人、公司和国家能够专注于他们最擅长的活动。凭借他们从专业化中获得的收入,他们可以与同样专业化的其他人进行交易,从而提高他们的生活水平。

然而,虽然贸易可以带来好处和赢家,但也可能有成本和输家。一些国家在过去 50 年的经济发展意味着许多人可以通过出口这些商品和服务获得廉价、优质的商品和服务。对于发达经济体中这些行业的工人和雇主来说,来自发展中国家的竞争可能意味着他们发现自己没有工作或必须关闭他们的企业。在某些情况下,这些人很难找到替代工作,整个社区可能会受到正在经历的变化的极大影响。他们可能不同意“贸易可以使所有人受益”。

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|The Capitalist Economic System

经济问题突出了任何社会都必须回答的三个问题。应该生产什么商品和服务,如何生产以及谁将获得所生产的东西,这些都是由经济体制决定的。经济系统是组织和分配资源以满足经济体公民需求的方式。在世界许多国家,以市场为基础的资本主义经济体系是解决这三个问题的主要方式。资本主义经济体系结合了生产要素私有制的原则,以生产通过价格机制进行交换的商品和服务。生产主要以盈利为目的。

在过去的 200 年里,资本主义经济体系已经证明能够提高数百万人的生活水平。我们可以根据人们赚取的收入来衡量生活水平,这些收入使他们能够购买生存和享受生活所需的商品和服务。虽然资本主义制度提高了许多人的生活水平,但并不是社会中的每个人都能平等受益。资本主义意味着一些人和国家变得非常富有,而另一些人仍然贫穷。利润动机的存在为企业家冒险组织生产要素提供了动力。

资本主义制度的批评者认为,它们本质上是不稳定的,会从繁荣走向萧条。此外,资本主义制度有利于那些获得要素投入所有权的人。要素投入的所有权可能导致对工人的剥削。生产要素的所有者可以运用相当大的经济和政治权力,从而扭曲资源配置。卡尔马克思一生中的大部分时间都在寻求理解和分析资本主义制度,并发展理论来解释为什么它剥削工人并且不稳定。

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|Markets Can Be a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity

市场在资本主义经济体系中的作用至关重要。在市场经济中,经济问题的三个关键问题是通过许多公司和家庭在商品和服务市场互动时的分散决策来解决的。公司决定雇用谁以及制造什么。家庭决定用他们的收入为哪些公司工作以及购买什么。这些公司和家庭在市场上互动,价格和假设的自身利益指导他们的决策。

在纯粹的市场经济(没有任何政府干预的情况下)中,没有人会考虑整个社会的经济福祉。自由市场包含许多商品和服务的买家和卖家,他们所有人都主要对自己的福祉感兴趣。然而,尽管决策者是分散的,决策者自私自利,但市场经济在组织经济活动方面已经证明非常成功,这种方式可以促进数百万人的整体经济福祉,尽管人们认识到存在不平等会出现。

计划经济体制 资本主义社会中财富分配不均的现象发生在 1700 年代和 1800 年代从工业革命中受益的国家,这导致了其他经济体制的发展,尤其是计划经济体制,有时也被称为共产主义经济体制。系统或指令经济。共产主义国家的工作前提是中央计划者可以指导经济活动并回答经济问题的三个关键问题。中央计划背后的理论是,政府可以以促进整个国家的经济福祉并导致更公平的结果的方式组织经济活动。

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写 请认准statistics-lab™

统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

金融工程代写

金融工程是使用数学技术来解决金融问题。金融工程使用计算机科学、统计学、经济学和应用数学领域的工具和知识来解决当前的金融问题,以及设计新的和创新的金融产品。

非参数统计代写

非参数统计指的是一种统计方法,其中不假设数据来自于由少数参数决定的规定模型;这种模型的例子包括正态分布模型和线性回归模型。

广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型(GLM)归属统计学领域,是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

术语 广义线性模型(GLM)通常是指给定连续和/或分类预测因素的连续响应变量的常规线性回归模型。它包括多元线性回归,以及方差分析和方差分析(仅含固定效应)。

有限元方法代写

有限元方法(FEM)是一种流行的方法,用于数值解决工程和数学建模中出现的微分方程。典型的问题领域包括结构分析、传热、流体流动、质量运输和电磁势等传统领域。

有限元是一种通用的数值方法,用于解决两个或三个空间变量的偏微分方程(即一些边界值问题)。为了解决一个问题,有限元将一个大系统细分为更小、更简单的部分,称为有限元。这是通过在空间维度上的特定空间离散化来实现的,它是通过构建对象的网格来实现的:用于求解的数值域,它有有限数量的点。边界值问题的有限元方法表述最终导致一个代数方程组。该方法在域上对未知函数进行逼近。[1] 然后将模拟这些有限元的简单方程组合成一个更大的方程系统,以模拟整个问题。然后,有限元通过变化微积分使相关的误差函数最小化来逼近一个解决方案。

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构,多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务,包括但不限于Essay代写,Assignment代写,Dissertation代写,Report代写,小组作业代写,Proposal代写,Paper代写,Presentation代写,计算机作业代写,论文修改和润色,网课代做,exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中,本科,研究生等海外留学全阶段,辐射金融,经济学,会计学,审计学,管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者,也有海外名校硕博留学生,每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力,专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创,100%专业,100%准时,100%满意。

随机分析代写


随机微积分是数学的一个分支,对随机过程进行操作。它允许为随机过程的积分定义一个关于随机过程的一致的积分理论。这个领域是由日本数学家伊藤清在第二次世界大战期间创建并开始的。

时间序列分析代写

随机过程,是依赖于参数的一组随机变量的全体,参数通常是时间。 随机变量是随机现象的数量表现,其时间序列是一组按照时间发生先后顺序进行排列的数据点序列。通常一组时间序列的时间间隔为一恒定值(如1秒,5分钟,12小时,7天,1年),因此时间序列可以作为离散时间数据进行分析处理。研究时间序列数据的意义在于现实中,往往需要研究某个事物其随时间发展变化的规律。这就需要通过研究该事物过去发展的历史记录,以得到其自身发展的规律。

回归分析代写

多元回归分析渐进(Multiple Regression Analysis Asymptotics)属于计量经济学领域,主要是一种数学上的统计分析方法,可以分析复杂情况下各影响因素的数学关系,在自然科学、社会和经济学等多个领域内应用广泛。

MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

R语言代写问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写深度学习代写
SQL代写各种数据建模与可视化代写

经济代写|Microeconomics代考微观经济学代写|How People Make Decisions

如果你也在 怎样代写Economics这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。

经济学是研究稀缺性及其对资源的使用、商品和服务的生产、生产和福利的长期增长的影响,以及对社会至关重要的其他大量复杂问题的研究。

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写Economics方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写Economics代写方面经验极为丰富,各种代写Economics相关的作业也就用不着说。

我们提供的Economics及其相关学科的代写,服务范围广, 其中包括但不限于:

  • Statistical Inference 统计推断
  • Statistical Computing 统计计算
  • Advanced Probability Theory 高等概率论
  • Advanced Mathematical Statistics 高等数理统计学
  • (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
  • Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
  • Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
  • Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础
经济代写|Microeconomics代考微观经济学代写|How People Make Decisions

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|People Face Trade-offs

Households and firms must make choices. Making choices involves trade-offs. A trade-off is the loss of the benefits from a decision to forego or sacrifice one option, balanced against the benefits incurred from the choice made. When choosing between alternatives we must consider the benefits gained from choosing one course of action but recognize that we must forego the benefits that could arise from the alternatives. To get one thing we like, we usually must give up another thing that we might also like. Making decisions, therefore, requires trading off the benefits of one action against those of another.

Example 1 Consider an economics undergraduate student who must decide how to allocate their time. They can spend all of their time studying, which will bring benefits such as a better class of degree; they can spend all their time enjoying leisure activities, which yield different benefits; or they can divide their time between the two. For every hour they study, they give up the benefits of an hour they could have devoted to spending time in the gym, riding a bicycle, watching TV, sleeping or working at a part-time job for some extra spending money. The student must trade-off the benefits from studying against the benefits of using their time in other ways.

Example 2 A firm might be faced with the decision on whether to invest in a new product or a new accounting system. Bóth bring benefits – the new ppoduct might result in improved revenues and prófits in the future, and the accounting system may make it more effective in controlling its costs, thus helping its profits. If scarce investment funds are put into the accounting system, the firm must trade-off the benefits that the new product investment would have brought.

Example 3 When people are grouped into societies, they face different kinds of trade-offs which can highlight the interaction of individuals and firms within society in general. An example is the trade-off between a clean environment and a high level of income. Laws that require firms to reduce pollution raise the cost of producing goods and services. Because of the higher costs, firms can end up earning smaller profits, paying lower wages, charging higher prices, or some combination of these three. Thus, while pollution regulations give us the benefit of a cleaner environment and the improved levels of health that come with it, they can have the cost of reducing the incomes of the firms’ owners, workers and customers.

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|Efficiency and Equity

Efficiency and Equity An important trade-off that has interested economists for many years is the tradeoff between efficiency and equity. In economics, efficiency deals with ways in which society gets the most it can (depending how this is defined) from its scarce resources. An outcome can be identified as being efficient by some measure, but not necessarily desirable. Equity looks at the extent to which the benefits of outcomes are distributed fairly among society’s members. Often, when government policies are being designed, these two goals conflict. Because equity is about ‘fairness’ it inevitably involves value judgements. Differences in opinion lead to disagreements among policymakers and economists.

There are some economists who dismiss the idea of a trade-off between equity and efficiency as a myth in some contexts, because the idea has been generalized to all situations. The historical context and origins of many economic ideas are important to understand. The origins of the equity and efficiency tradeoff came from Arthur Okun in the 1970 s. There are some economists who argue that improving equality can lead to improvements in efficiency – in effect that it is possible to have a bigger cake and to eat it.
Policies aimed at achieving a more equal distribution of economic well-being, such as the social security system, involve a trade-off between the effects of a benefits system versus the effects on the efficiency of the tax system that pays for it. A government decision to raise the top rate of income tax on what it considers ‘the very rich’ but to abolish income tax for those earning the minimum wage is effectively a redistribution of income from the rich to the poor. It provides incentive effects for some in society to seek work, but may reduce the reward for working hard, so some in society choose to work less or even move to another country where the tax system is less onerous. Whether the trade-off is a ‘good’ thing is dependent on the philosophy, belief sets and opinions of the decision-makers, and the power which they have in society. Recognizing that people face trade-offs does not by itself tell us what decisions they will or should make. Acknowledging and understanding the consequences of trade-offs is important, because people are likely to make more informed decisions if they understand the options they have available.

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|Opportunity Cost

Because people face trade-offs, making decisions requires comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action. In many cases, however, the costs of an action are not as obvious as might first appear.
Consider, for example, the decision whether to go to university. The benefits are intellectual enrichment and a lifetime of better job opportunities. In considering the costs, you might be tempted to add up the money you spend on tuition fees, resources and living expenses over the period of the degree. This approach is intuitive and might be a way in which non-economists would approach the decision. An economist would point out that even if you decided to leave full-time education, you would still incur living cxpcnscs and so thcsc costs would bc incurrcd in any cvent. Accommodation bccomcs a cost of highcr education only if it is more expensive at university than elsewhere.

This calculation of costs ignores the largest cost of a university education – your time. For most students, the wages given up attending university are the largest single cost of their higher education. When making decisions it is sometimes more helpful to measure the cost in terms of what other options have had to be sacrificed rather than in money terms. Opportunity cost is the measure of the options sacrificed in making a decision. The opportunity cost of going to university is the wages from full-time work that you have had to sacrifice.

经济代写|Microeconomics代考微观经济学代写|How People Make Decisions

微观经济学代考

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|People Face Trade-offs

家庭和公司必须做出选择。做出选择涉及权衡。权衡是放弃或牺牲一个选择的决定所带来的利益损失,与做出的选择所产生的利益相平衡。在备选方案之间进行选择时,我们必须考虑从选择一种行动方案中获得的好处,但要认识到我们必须放弃替代方案可能产生的好处。为了得到一件我们喜欢的东西,我们通常必须放弃另一件我们可能也喜欢的东西。因此,做出决定需要权衡一项行动的利益与另一项行动的利益。

例 1 考虑一个经济学本科生,他必须决定如何分配他们的时间。他们可以把所有的时间都花在学习上,这将带来更好的学位等级等好处;他们可以把所有的时间都花在休闲活动上,带来不同的好处;或者他们可以在两者之间分配时间。每学习一小时,他们就放弃了原本可以花在健身房、骑自行车、看电视、睡觉或兼职工作的一小时的好处,以换取额外的零花钱。学生必须权衡学习的好处与以其他方式利用时间的好处。

示例 2 公司可能面临是否投资新产品或新会计系统的决定。两者都带来了好处——新产品可能会在未来带来更高的收入和利润,而会计系统可能会使其更有效地控制成本,从而帮助其盈利。如果将稀缺的投资资金投入会计系统,公司必须权衡新产品投资可能带来的收益。

示例 3 当人们被分组到社会中时,他们面临着不同类型的权衡,这可以突出个人和公司在整个社会中的互动。一个例子是清洁环境和高收入之间的权衡。要求企业减少污染的法律提高了生产商品和服务的成本。由于成本较高,公司最终可能会赚取较少的利润、支付较低的工资、收取较高的价格,或者这三者的某种组合。因此,虽然污染法规给我们带来了更清洁的环境和随之而来的健康水平的提高,但它们可能会降低公司所有者、工人和客户的收入。

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|Efficiency and Equity

效率与公平 多年来经济学家感兴趣的一个重要权衡是效率与公平之间的权衡。在经济学中,效率涉及社会从其稀缺资源中获得最大可能(取决于如何定义)的方式。某种结果可以被确定为有效的,但不一定是可取的。公平关注结果的利益在社会成员之间公平分配的程度。通常,在设计政府政策时,这两个目标会发生冲突。因为公平是关于“公平”,它不可避免地涉及价值判断。意见分歧导致政策制定者和经济学家之间的分歧。

在某些情况下,有些经济学家认为公平和效率之间的权衡是一个神话,因为这个想法已经推广到所有情况。了解许多经济思想的历史背景和起源很重要。公平和效率权衡的起源来自 1970 年代的 Arthur Okun。有一些经济学家认为,改善平等可以提高效率——实际上是可以吃到更大的蛋糕。
旨在实现更平等分配经济福利的政策,例如社会保障制度,涉及在福利制度的影响与对支付福利的税收制度效率的影响之间进行权衡。政府决定对它认为的“非常富有”的人提高所得税的最高税率,但取消对那些赚取最低工资的人的所得税,这实际上是将收入从富人重新分配给穷人。它为社会上的一些人寻找工作提供了激励作用,但可能会减少努力工作的回报,因此社会上的一些人选择减少工作,甚至搬到另一个税收制度不那么繁重的国家。权衡是否是“好”的事情取决于决策者的理念、信念和意见,以及他们在社会中的权力。认识到人们面临权衡取舍本身并不能告诉我们他们将或应该做出什么决定。承认和理解权衡的后果很重要,因为如果人们了解他们可用的选项,他们可能会做出更明智的决定。

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|Opportunity Cost

由于人们面临权衡取舍,因此做出决策需要比较替代行动方案的成本和收益。然而,在许多情况下,行动的成本并不像最初看起来那样明显。
例如,考虑是否上大学的决定。好处是智力丰富和一生更好的工作机会。在考虑成本时,你可能会想把在学位期间花在学费、资源和生活费上的钱加起来。这种方法很直观,可能是非经济学家处理决策的一种方式。经济学家会指出,即使您决定放弃全日制教育,您仍然会产生生活成本,因此任何成本都会产生成本。只有在大学比其他地方更贵的情况下,住宿才会成为高等教育的成本。

这种成本计算忽略了大学教育的最大成本——你的时间。对于大多数学生来说,放弃上大学的工资是他们接受高等教育的最大单项成本。在做出决定时,有时根据必须牺牲的其他选项而不是金钱来衡量成本更有帮助。机会成本是衡量做出决定时所牺牲的选项的量度。上大学的机会成本是你不得不牺牲的全职工作的工资。

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写 请认准statistics-lab™

统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

金融工程代写

金融工程是使用数学技术来解决金融问题。金融工程使用计算机科学、统计学、经济学和应用数学领域的工具和知识来解决当前的金融问题,以及设计新的和创新的金融产品。

非参数统计代写

非参数统计指的是一种统计方法,其中不假设数据来自于由少数参数决定的规定模型;这种模型的例子包括正态分布模型和线性回归模型。

广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型(GLM)归属统计学领域,是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

术语 广义线性模型(GLM)通常是指给定连续和/或分类预测因素的连续响应变量的常规线性回归模型。它包括多元线性回归,以及方差分析和方差分析(仅含固定效应)。

有限元方法代写

有限元方法(FEM)是一种流行的方法,用于数值解决工程和数学建模中出现的微分方程。典型的问题领域包括结构分析、传热、流体流动、质量运输和电磁势等传统领域。

有限元是一种通用的数值方法,用于解决两个或三个空间变量的偏微分方程(即一些边界值问题)。为了解决一个问题,有限元将一个大系统细分为更小、更简单的部分,称为有限元。这是通过在空间维度上的特定空间离散化来实现的,它是通过构建对象的网格来实现的:用于求解的数值域,它有有限数量的点。边界值问题的有限元方法表述最终导致一个代数方程组。该方法在域上对未知函数进行逼近。[1] 然后将模拟这些有限元的简单方程组合成一个更大的方程系统,以模拟整个问题。然后,有限元通过变化微积分使相关的误差函数最小化来逼近一个解决方案。

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构,多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务,包括但不限于Essay代写,Assignment代写,Dissertation代写,Report代写,小组作业代写,Proposal代写,Paper代写,Presentation代写,计算机作业代写,论文修改和润色,网课代做,exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中,本科,研究生等海外留学全阶段,辐射金融,经济学,会计学,审计学,管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者,也有海外名校硕博留学生,每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力,专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创,100%专业,100%准时,100%满意。

随机分析代写


随机微积分是数学的一个分支,对随机过程进行操作。它允许为随机过程的积分定义一个关于随机过程的一致的积分理论。这个领域是由日本数学家伊藤清在第二次世界大战期间创建并开始的。

时间序列分析代写

随机过程,是依赖于参数的一组随机变量的全体,参数通常是时间。 随机变量是随机现象的数量表现,其时间序列是一组按照时间发生先后顺序进行排列的数据点序列。通常一组时间序列的时间间隔为一恒定值(如1秒,5分钟,12小时,7天,1年),因此时间序列可以作为离散时间数据进行分析处理。研究时间序列数据的意义在于现实中,往往需要研究某个事物其随时间发展变化的规律。这就需要通过研究该事物过去发展的历史记录,以得到其自身发展的规律。

回归分析代写

多元回归分析渐进(Multiple Regression Analysis Asymptotics)属于计量经济学领域,主要是一种数学上的统计分析方法,可以分析复杂情况下各影响因素的数学关系,在自然科学、社会和经济学等多个领域内应用广泛。

MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

R语言代写问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写深度学习代写
SQL代写各种数据建模与可视化代写

经济代写|Microeconomics代考微观经济学代写|What Is Economics

如果你也在 怎样代写Economics这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。

经济学是研究稀缺性及其对资源的使用、商品和服务的生产、生产和福利的长期增长的影响,以及对社会至关重要的其他大量复杂问题的研究。

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写Economics方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写Economics代写方面经验极为丰富,各种代写Economics相关的作业也就用不着说。

我们提供的Economics及其相关学科的代写,服务范围广, 其中包括但不限于:

  • Statistical Inference 统计推断
  • Statistical Computing 统计计算
  • Advanced Probability Theory 高等概率论
  • Advanced Mathematical Statistics 高等数理统计学
  • (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
  • Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
  • Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
  • Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础
经济代写|Microeconomics代考微观经济学代写|What Is Economics

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|The Economy and Economic Systems

Every day, billions of people around the world make decisions. They make decisions about providing for the fundamentals in life such as food, clothing and shelter and how they use non-work time for leisure and domestic tasks. Making these decisions involves interaction with other people, with governments and business organizations. At any time, individuals could be mothers, fathers, sons, daughters, carers, employers, employees, houseworkers, producers, consumers, savers, taxpayers or benefit recipients. Many, but not all, of these interactions are related to some sort of exchange, normally with the use of a medium of exchange such as money, and sometimes to a direct exchange of services. Individuals purchase goods and services for final consumption and provide the inputs into production – land, labour and capital. We refer to these individuals collectively as ‘households’. The organizations which buy these factors and use them to produce goods and services are referred to collectively as ‘firms’.

The amount of interaction between households and firms – the amount of buying and selling which takes place – represents the level of economic activity. The more buying and selling there are, the higher the level of economic activity. Households and firms engaging in production and exchange in a particular geographic region are together referred to as the economy.

Economics studies the interactions between households and firms in relation to exchange and the many decisions which are made in so doing. It also covers situations where some output is produced without the receipt of an income, such as the work done by unpaid carers and homemakers. It explores how people make a living; how resources are allocated among the many different uses they could be put to; and the way in which our activities influence not only our own well-being but also that of others and the environment.

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|The Economic Problem

There are three questions that any economy must face:

  • What goods and services should be produced?
  • How should these goods and services be produced?
  • Who should get the goods and services that have been produced?
    To satisfy these questions, economies have resources at their disposal which are classified as land, labour and capital.
  • Land – all the natural resources of the earth. This includes mineral deposits such as iron ore, coal, gold and copper; oil and gas; fish in the sea; and all the food and raw materials produced from the land.
  • Labour – the human effort, both mental and physical, that goes into production. A worker in a factory producing precision tools, an investment banker, an unpaid carer, a road sweeper, a teacher – these are all forms of labour.
  • Capital – the equipment and structures used to produce goods and services. Capital goods include machinery in factories, buildings, tractors, computers, cooking ovens – anything where the good is not used for its own sake but for the contribution it makes to production.

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|Scarcity and Choice

It is often assumed that these resources are ultimately scarce in relation to the demand for them. As members of households, we invariably do not have the ability to meet all our wants and needs. Our needs are the necessities of life which enable us to survive – food and water, clothing, shelter and proper health care – and our wants are the things which we believe make for a more comfortable and enjoyable life holidays, different styles of clothes, smartphones, leisure activities, the furniture and items we have in our houses, and so on. Our demand for these wants and needs is generally greater than our ability to satisfy them. Scarcity means that society has limited resources and theretore cannot produce all the goods and services households demand. Just as a household cannot give every member everything they want, a society cannot give every individual the highest standard of living to which they might aspire. Because of the tension between our wants and needs and scarcity, decisions must be made by households and firms about how to allocate our incomes and resources to meet our wants and needs.

Economics investigates the issues arising due to the decisions that households and firms make as a result of this tension. A typical textbook definition of economics is ‘the study of how society makes choices in managing its scarce resources and the consequences of this decision-making’. This definition can, however, mask the complexity and extent of the reach of economics. We might characterize households as having unlimited wants, but not everyone in society is materialistic, which the idea of unlimited wants might imply. Some people are more content with the simple things in life and their choices are based on what they see as being important. These choices are no less valid but reflect the complexity of the subject. Some people choose to maintain their standard of living through crime. A decision to resort to crime has reasons and consequences, and these may be of as much interest to an economist as the reasons why firms choose to advertise their products or why central banks make decisions on monetary policy.

Some might point out that the very idea of scarcity should be questioned in some instances. In Greece, Spain and some other European countries, there are millions of people who want to work but who cannot find a job. It could be argued that labour is not scarce in this situation, but job vacancies certainly are. Economists will be interested in how such a situation arises and what might be done to alleviate the issues that arise as a result of high levels of unemployment.

The study of economics, therefore, has many facets but there are some central ideas which help define the field even though economics draws on related disciplines such as psychology, sociology, law, anthropology, geography, statistics and maths, among others. These central ideas provide themes around which this book is based, and which form the basis of many first-year undergraduate degree courses.

经济代写|Microeconomics代考微观经济学代写|What Is Economics

微观经济学代考

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|The Economy and Economic Systems

每天,全世界有数十亿人在做决定。他们决定提供生活中的基本要素,例如食物、衣服和住所,以及如何利用非工作时间进行休闲和家务。做出这些决定涉及与其他人、政府和商业组织的互动。在任何时候,个人都可以是母亲、父亲、儿子、女儿、照顾者、雇主、雇员、家务工人、生产者、消费者、储蓄者、纳税人或福利接受者。这些交互中的许多(但不是全部)都与某种交换有关,通常使用货币等交换媒介,有时也与服务的直接交换有关。个人为最终消费购买商品和服务,并提供生产投入——土地、劳动力和资本。我们将这些人统称为“家庭”。购买这些要素并使用它们生产商品和服务的组织统称为“公司”。

家庭和企业之间的互动量——发生的买卖量——代表了经济活动的水平。买卖越多,经济活动水平就越高。在特定地理区域从事生产和交换的家庭和公司统称为经济体。

经济学研究家庭和公司之间在交换方面的相互作用以及在此过程中做出的许多决策。它还涵盖了某些产出在没有收入的情况下产生的情况,例如无偿照顾者和家庭主妇所做的工作。它探讨了人们如何谋生;资源如何在它们可以用于的许多不同用途之间分配;以及我们的活动不仅影响我们自己的福祉,而且影响他人和环境的福祉的方式。

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|The Economic Problem

任何经济体都必须面对三个问题:

  • 应该生产什么商品和服务?
  • 这些商品和服务应该如何生产?
  • 谁应该得到已经生产出来的商品和服务?
    为了解决这些问题,经济体拥有可支配的资源,这些资源被归类为土地、劳动力和资本。
  • 土地——地球上所有的自然资源。这包括铁矿石、煤、金和铜等矿藏;油和气; 海里的鱼;以及从土地上生产的所有食物和原材料。
  • 劳动——投入生产的人力,包括脑力和体力。生产精密工具的工厂的工人、投资银行家、无偿照顾者、道路清洁工、教师——这些都是劳动形式。
  • 资本——用于生产商品和服务的设备和结构。资本货物包括工厂中的机器、建筑物、拖拉机、电脑、烤箱——这些货物不是为了自身而使用,而是为了它对生产的贡献。

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写|Scarcity and Choice

人们通常假设这些资源最终相对于对它们的需求来说是稀缺的。作为家庭成员,我们总是没有能力满足我们所有的需求。我们的需求是使我们能够生存的生活必需品——食物和水、衣服、住所和适当的医疗保健——我们的需求是我们认为能让假期生活更加舒适和愉快的东西、不同风格的衣服、智能手机,休闲活动,我们家中的家具和物品,等等。我们对这些需求的需求通常大于我们满足它们的能力。稀缺意味着社会资源有限,因此无法生产家庭所需的所有商品和服务。就像一个家庭不能给每个成员他们想要的一切一样,一个社会不可能为每个人提供他们可能渴望的最高生活标准。由于我们的需求和稀缺性之间的紧张关系,家庭和公司必须决定如何分配我们的收入和资源以满足我们的需求。

经济学研究由于这种紧张局势而家庭和公司做出的决定所引起的问题。经济学的典型教科书定义是“研究社会如何在管理其稀缺资源时做出选择以及这种决策的后果”。然而,这个定义可能掩盖了经济学影响范围的复杂性和范围。我们可以将家庭描述为拥有无限的需求,但并非社会中的每个人都是物质主义者,无限需求的想法可能暗示了这一点。有些人更满足于生活中的简单事物,他们的选择是基于他们认为重要的事情。这些选择同样有效,但反映了主题的复杂性。有些人选择通过犯罪来维持他们的生活水平。诉诸犯罪的决定有原因和后果,

有些人可能会指出,在某些情况下,稀缺的概念本身就应该受到质疑。在希腊、西班牙和其他一些欧洲国家,有数百万人想工作但找不到工作。可以说,在这种情况下劳动力并不稀缺,但职位空缺肯定是。经济学家将对这种情况是如何产生的,以及可以采取哪些措施来缓解高失业率导致的问题感兴趣。

因此,经济学研究有很多方面,但有一些中心思想有助于定义该领域,尽管经济学借鉴了相关学科,如心理学、社会学、法律、人类学、地理学、统计学和数学等。这些中心思想提供了本书所依据的主题,并且构成了许多本科一年级课程的基础。

经济代写|Economics代考微观经济学代写 请认准statistics-lab™

统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

金融工程代写

金融工程是使用数学技术来解决金融问题。金融工程使用计算机科学、统计学、经济学和应用数学领域的工具和知识来解决当前的金融问题,以及设计新的和创新的金融产品。

非参数统计代写

非参数统计指的是一种统计方法,其中不假设数据来自于由少数参数决定的规定模型;这种模型的例子包括正态分布模型和线性回归模型。

广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型(GLM)归属统计学领域,是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

术语 广义线性模型(GLM)通常是指给定连续和/或分类预测因素的连续响应变量的常规线性回归模型。它包括多元线性回归,以及方差分析和方差分析(仅含固定效应)。

有限元方法代写

有限元方法(FEM)是一种流行的方法,用于数值解决工程和数学建模中出现的微分方程。典型的问题领域包括结构分析、传热、流体流动、质量运输和电磁势等传统领域。

有限元是一种通用的数值方法,用于解决两个或三个空间变量的偏微分方程(即一些边界值问题)。为了解决一个问题,有限元将一个大系统细分为更小、更简单的部分,称为有限元。这是通过在空间维度上的特定空间离散化来实现的,它是通过构建对象的网格来实现的:用于求解的数值域,它有有限数量的点。边界值问题的有限元方法表述最终导致一个代数方程组。该方法在域上对未知函数进行逼近。[1] 然后将模拟这些有限元的简单方程组合成一个更大的方程系统,以模拟整个问题。然后,有限元通过变化微积分使相关的误差函数最小化来逼近一个解决方案。

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构,多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务,包括但不限于Essay代写,Assignment代写,Dissertation代写,Report代写,小组作业代写,Proposal代写,Paper代写,Presentation代写,计算机作业代写,论文修改和润色,网课代做,exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中,本科,研究生等海外留学全阶段,辐射金融,经济学,会计学,审计学,管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者,也有海外名校硕博留学生,每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力,专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创,100%专业,100%准时,100%满意。

随机分析代写


随机微积分是数学的一个分支,对随机过程进行操作。它允许为随机过程的积分定义一个关于随机过程的一致的积分理论。这个领域是由日本数学家伊藤清在第二次世界大战期间创建并开始的。

时间序列分析代写

随机过程,是依赖于参数的一组随机变量的全体,参数通常是时间。 随机变量是随机现象的数量表现,其时间序列是一组按照时间发生先后顺序进行排列的数据点序列。通常一组时间序列的时间间隔为一恒定值(如1秒,5分钟,12小时,7天,1年),因此时间序列可以作为离散时间数据进行分析处理。研究时间序列数据的意义在于现实中,往往需要研究某个事物其随时间发展变化的规律。这就需要通过研究该事物过去发展的历史记录,以得到其自身发展的规律。

回归分析代写

多元回归分析渐进(Multiple Regression Analysis Asymptotics)属于计量经济学领域,主要是一种数学上的统计分析方法,可以分析复杂情况下各影响因素的数学关系,在自然科学、社会和经济学等多个领域内应用广泛。

MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

R语言代写问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写深度学习代写
SQL代写各种数据建模与可视化代写