经济代写|劳动经济学代写Labor Economics代考|ECON045

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劳动经济学,或称劳工经济学,旨在了解雇佣劳动市场的运作和动态。劳动是一种商品,由劳动者提供,通常是为了换取有要求的公司支付的工资。

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我们提供的劳动经济学Labor Economics及其相关学科的代写,服务范围广, 其中包括但不限于:

  • Statistical Inference 统计推断
  • Statistical Computing 统计计算
  • Advanced Probability Theory 高等概率论
  • Advanced Mathematical Statistics 高等数理统计学
  • (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
  • Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
  • Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
  • Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础
经济代写|劳动经济学代写Labor Economics代考|ECON045

经济代写|劳动经济学代写Labor Economics代考|Budget Constraints with “Spikes”

Some social insurance programs compensate workers who are unable to work because of a temporary work injury, a permanent disability, or a layoff. Workers’ compensation insurance replaces most of the earnings lost when workers are hurt on the job, and private or public disability programs do the same for workers who become physically or emotionally unable to work for other reasons. Unemployment compensation is paid to those who have lost a job and have not been able to find another. While exceptions can be found in the occasional jurisdiction, $\frac{19}{}$ it is generally true that these income replacement programs share a common characteristic: they pay benefits only to those who are not working.

To understand the consequences of paying benefits only to those who are not working, let us suppose that a workers’ compensation program is structured so that, after injury, workers receive their pre-injury earnings for as long as they are off work. Once they work even one hour, however, they are no longer considered disabled and cannot receive further benefits. The effects of this program on work incentives are analyzed in Figure 6.13, in which it is assumed that the pre-injury budget constraint was $A B$ and preinjury earnings were $E_0(=A C$ ). Furthermore, we assume that the worker’s “market” budget constraint (that is, the constraint in the absence of a workers’ compensation program) is unchanged, so that after recovery, the pre-injury wage can again be earned. Under these conditions, the post-injury budget constraint is $B A C$, and the person maximizes utility at point $C$-a point of no work.

Note that constraint $B A C$ contains the segment $A C$, which looks like a spike. It is this spike that creates severe work-incentive problems, for two reasons. First, the returns associated with the first hour of work are negative. That is, a person at point $C$ who returns to work for 1 hour would find his or her income to be considerably reduced by working. Earnings from this hour of work would be more than offset by the reduction in benefits, which creates a negative “net wage.” The substitution effect associated with this program characteristic clearly discourages work. $\frac{20}{}$

Second, our assumed no-work benefit of $A C$ is equal to $E_0$, the preinjury level of earnings. If the worker values leisure at all (as is assumed by the standard downward slope of indifference curves), being able to receive the old level of earnings while also enjoying more leisure clearly enhances utility. The worker is better off at point $C$ than at point $f$, the pre-injury combination of earnings and leisure hours, because he or she is on indifference curve $U_2$ rather than $U_1$. Allowing workers to reach a higher utility level without working generates an income effect that discourages, or at least slows, the return to work.

Indeed, the program we have assumed raises a worker’s reservation wage above his or her pre-injury wage, meaning that a return to work is possible only if the worker qualifies for a higher-paying job. To see this graphically, observe the dashed blue line in Figure 6.13 that begins at point $A$ and is tangent to indifference curve $U_2$ (the level of utility made possible by the social insurance program). The slope of this line is equal to the person’s reservation wage, because if the person can obtain the desired hours of work at this or a greater wage, utility will be at least equal to that associated with point $C$. Note also that for labor force participation to be induced, the reservation wage must be received for at least $R^{\star}$ hours of work.

经济代写|劳动经济学代写Labor Economics代考|Programs with Net Wage Rates of Zero

The programs just discussed were intended to confer benefits on those who are unable to work, and the budget-constraint spike was created by the eligibility requirement that to receive benefits, one must not be working. Other social programs, such as welfare, have different eligibility criteria and calculate benefits differently. These programs factor income needs into their eligibility criteria and then pay benefits based on the difference between one’s actual earnings and one’s needs. We will see that paying people the difference between their earnings and their needs creates a net wage rate of zero; thus, the work-incentive problems associated with these welfare programs result from the fact that they increase the income of program recipients while also drastically reducing the price of leisure.

Nature of Welfare Subsidies Originally, welfare programs tended to take the form of a guaranteed annual income, under which the welfare agency determined the income needed by an eligible person $\left(Y_n\right.$ in Figure 6.14) based on family size, area living costs, and local welfare regulations. Actual earnings were then subtracted from this needed level, and a check was issued to the person each month for the difference. If the person did not work, he or she received a subsidy of $Y_n$. If the person worked, and if earnings caused dollar-for-dollar reductions in welfare benefits, then a budget constraint like $A B C D$ in Figure 6.14 was created. The person’s income remained at $Y_n$ as long as he or she was subsidized. If receiving the subsidy, then, an extra hour of work yielded no net increase in income, because the extra earnings resulted in an equal reduction in welfare benefits. The net wage of a person on the program-and therefore his or her price of leisure-was zero, which is graphically shown by the segment of the constraint having a slope of zero $(B C) .^{22}$

Thus, a welfare program like the one summarized in Figure 6.14 increases the income of the poor by moving the lower end of the budget constraint out from $A C$ to $A B C$; as indicated by the dashed hypothetical constraint in Figure 6.14, this shift creates an income effect tending to reduce labor supply from the hours associated with point $E$ to those associated with point $F$. However, it also causes the wage to effectively drop to zero; every dollar earned is matched by a dollar reduction in welfare benefits. This dollar-for-dollar reduction in benefits induces a huge substitution effect, causing those accepting welfare to reduce their hours of work to zero (point B). Of course, if a person’s indifference curves were sufficiently flat so that the curve tangent to segment $C D$ passed above point $B$ (see Figure 6.15), then that person’s utility would be maximized by choosing work instead of welfare. .23

经济代写|劳动经济学代写Labor Economics代考|ECON045

劳动经济学代考

经济代写|劳动经济学代写Labor Economics代考|Budget Constraints with “Spikes”

一些社会保险计划补偿因临时工伤、永久性残疾或裁员而无法工作的工人。工人赔偿保险可以弥补工人在工作中受伤时的大部分收入损失,私人或公共残疾计划也可以为因其他原因在身体或情感上无法工作的工人提供同样的服务。失业补偿金支付给那些失去工作且无法找到另一份工作的人。虽然在偶尔的司法管辖区可以找到例外情况,19一般来说,这些收入替代计划确实有一个共同特点:它们只向没有工作的人支付福利。

为了理解只向不工作的人支付福利的后果,让我们假设工人赔偿计划的结构是这样的,即工伤发生后,只要他们下班,工人们就可以获得工伤前的收入。然而,一旦他们工作了一个小时,他们就不再被视为残疾并且无法获得进一步的福利。图 6.13 分析了该计划对工作激励的影响,其中假设受伤前预算约束为A乙受伤前的收入是和0(=AC). 此外,我们假设工人的“市场”预算约束(即没有工人补偿计划时的约束)不变,因此在恢复后,可以再次赚取受伤前的工资。在这些条件下,受伤后预算约束为乙AC,并且这个人在点最大化效用C- 一个没有工作的地方。

注意约束乙AC包含段AC,看起来像一个尖峰。正是这种激增造成了严重的工作激励问题,原因有二。首先,与第一个小时工作相关的回报是负的。也就是说,一个人在点C返回工作 1 小时的人会发现他或她的收入因工作而大大减少。这一小时的工作收入将被福利的减少所抵消,从而产生负的“净工资”。与此程序特征相关的替代效应显然会阻碍工作。20

其次,我们假设的无工作收益AC等于和0, 受伤前的收入水平。如果工人完全重视闲暇(正如无差异曲线的标准向下斜率所假设的那样),那么能够在获得原来水平的收入的同时享受更多的闲暇显然会提高效用。工人在这一点上过得更好C比点F,受伤前收入和休闲时间的组合,因为他或她处于无差异曲线上在2而不是在1. 允许工人在不工作的情况下达到更高的效用水平会产生收入效应,从而阻碍或至少减缓重返工作岗位。

事实上,我们假设的计划将工人的保留工资提高到高于他或她受伤前的工资,这意味着只有当工人有资格获得更高薪水的工作时,才有可能重返工作岗位。要以图形方式查看这一点,请观察图 6.13 中从点开始的蓝色虚线A并且与无差异曲线相切在2(社会保险计划使效用水平成为可能)。这条线的斜率等于这个人的保留工资,因为如果这个人能以这个或更高的工资获得想要的工作时间,效用将至少等于与点相关的效用C. 另请注意,要诱导劳动力参与,必须至少收到保留工资R⋆几小时的工作。

经济代写|劳动经济学代写Labor Economics代考|Programs with Net Wage Rates of Zero

刚刚讨论的计划旨在为那些无法工作的人提供福利,而预算限制激增是由资格要求造成的,即必须不工作才能获得福利。其他社会计划,如福利,有不同的资格标准并以不同方式计算福利。这些计划将收入需求纳入其资格标准,然后根据个人实际收入与需求之间的差异支付福利。我们将看到,支付人们收入与需求之间的差额会导致净工资率为零;因此,与这些福利计划相关的工作激励问题是因为它们增加了计划接受者的收入,同时也大大降低了休闲的价格。

福利补贴的性质 最初,福利计划倾向于采取保证年收入的形式,在这种形式下,福利机构确定符合条件的人所需的收入(和n在图 6.14 中)基于家庭规模、地区生活成本和地方福利法规。然后从这个所需水平中减去实际收入,每个月都会向该人开出一张支票以弥补差额。如果此人不工作,他或她将获得补贴和n. 如果这个人工作了,如果收入导致福利减少一美元对一美元,那么预算约束就像A乙C丁在图 6.14 中创建。该人的收入保持在和n只要他或她得到补贴。如果得到补贴,那么,额外工作一个小时不会产生收入的净增加,因为额外的收入导致福利福利的减少。一个人在该计划中的净工资——因此他或她的闲暇价格——为零,这由斜率为零的约束部分以图形方式显示(乙C).22

因此,如图 6.14 中总结的福利计划通过将预算约束线的下端移出AC到A乙C; 如图 6.14 中的虚线假设约束所示,这种转变产生了一种收入效应,倾向于减少与点相关的劳动力供应和与点相关的人F. 然而,这也导致工资实际上降为零;每赚一美元,福利金就会减少一美元。这种逐美元减少的福利会产生巨大的替代效应,导致那些接受福利的人将他们的工作时间减少到零(B 点)。当然,如果一个人的无差异曲线足够平坦以至于曲线与线段相切C丁通过以上点乙(见图 6.15),那么这个人的效用将通过选择工作而不是福利来最大化。.23

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金融工程代写

金融工程是使用数学技术来解决金融问题。金融工程使用计算机科学、统计学、经济学和应用数学领域的工具和知识来解决当前的金融问题,以及设计新的和创新的金融产品。

非参数统计代写

非参数统计指的是一种统计方法,其中不假设数据来自于由少数参数决定的规定模型;这种模型的例子包括正态分布模型和线性回归模型。

广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型(GLM)归属统计学领域,是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

术语 广义线性模型(GLM)通常是指给定连续和/或分类预测因素的连续响应变量的常规线性回归模型。它包括多元线性回归,以及方差分析和方差分析(仅含固定效应)。

有限元方法代写

有限元方法(FEM)是一种流行的方法,用于数值解决工程和数学建模中出现的微分方程。典型的问题领域包括结构分析、传热、流体流动、质量运输和电磁势等传统领域。

有限元是一种通用的数值方法,用于解决两个或三个空间变量的偏微分方程(即一些边界值问题)。为了解决一个问题,有限元将一个大系统细分为更小、更简单的部分,称为有限元。这是通过在空间维度上的特定空间离散化来实现的,它是通过构建对象的网格来实现的:用于求解的数值域,它有有限数量的点。边界值问题的有限元方法表述最终导致一个代数方程组。该方法在域上对未知函数进行逼近。[1] 然后将模拟这些有限元的简单方程组合成一个更大的方程系统,以模拟整个问题。然后,有限元通过变化微积分使相关的误差函数最小化来逼近一个解决方案。

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随机分析代写


随机微积分是数学的一个分支,对随机过程进行操作。它允许为随机过程的积分定义一个关于随机过程的一致的积分理论。这个领域是由日本数学家伊藤清在第二次世界大战期间创建并开始的。

时间序列分析代写

随机过程,是依赖于参数的一组随机变量的全体,参数通常是时间。 随机变量是随机现象的数量表现,其时间序列是一组按照时间发生先后顺序进行排列的数据点序列。通常一组时间序列的时间间隔为一恒定值(如1秒,5分钟,12小时,7天,1年),因此时间序列可以作为离散时间数据进行分析处理。研究时间序列数据的意义在于现实中,往往需要研究某个事物其随时间发展变化的规律。这就需要通过研究该事物过去发展的历史记录,以得到其自身发展的规律。

回归分析代写

多元回归分析渐进(Multiple Regression Analysis Asymptotics)属于计量经济学领域,主要是一种数学上的统计分析方法,可以分析复杂情况下各影响因素的数学关系,在自然科学、社会和经济学等多个领域内应用广泛。

MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

R语言代写问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写深度学习代写
SQL代写各种数据建模与可视化代写

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