标签: MATH208

数学代写|运筹学作业代写operational research代考|MATH208

如果你也在 怎样代写运筹学Operations Research 这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。运筹学Operations Research为管理者、工程师和任何有更好解决方案的实践者提供更好的解决方案。这门科学诞生于第二次世界大战期间。虽然它最初用于军事行动,但它的应用以某种形式扩展到地球上的任何领域。

运筹学Operations Research是将科学方法应用于解决复杂问题,指导和管理工业、商业、政府和国防中由人、机器、材料和资金组成的大型系统。独特的方法是开发一个系统的科学模型,包括诸如变化和风险等因素的测量,以此来预测和比较不同决策、战略或控制的结果。其目的是帮助管理层科学地确定其政策和行动。

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数学代写|运筹学作业代写operational research代考|MATH208

数学代写|运筹学作业代写operational research代考|DETERMINISTIC DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING

This section further elaborates upon the dynamic programming approach to deterministic problems, where the state at the next stage is completely determined by the state and policy decision at the current stage. The probabilistic case, where there is a probability distribution for what the next state will be, is discussed in the next section.

Deterministic dynamic programming can be described diagrammatically as shown in Fig. 11.3. Thus, at stage $n$ the process will be in some state $s_n$. Making policy decision $x_n$ then moves the process to some state $s_{n+1}$ at stage $n+1$. The contribution thereafter to the objective function under an optimal policy has been previously calculated to be $f_{n+1}^\left(s_{n+1}\right)$. The policy decision $x_n$ also makes some contribution to the objective function. Combining these two quantities in an appropriate way provides $f_n\left(s_n, x_n\right)$, the contribution of stages $n$ onward to the objective function. Optimizing with respect to $x_n$ then gives $f_n^\left(s_n\right)=f_n\left(s_n, x_n^\right)$. After $x_n^$ and $f_n^*\left(s_n\right)$ are found for each possible value of $s_n$, the solution procedure is ready to move back one stage.

One way of categorizing deterministic dynamic programming problems is by the form of the objective function. For example, the objective might be to minimize the sum of the contributions from the individual stages (as for the stagecoach problem), or to maximize such a sum, or to minimize a product of such terms, and so on. Another categorization is in terms of the nature of the set of states for the respective stages. In particular, states $s_n$ might be representable by a discrete state variable (as for the stagecoach problem) or by a continuous state variable, or perhaps a state vector (more than one variable) is required.
Several examples are presented to illustrate these various possibilities. More importantly, they illustrate that these apparently major differences are actually quite inconsequential (except in terms of computational difficulty) because the underlying basic structure shown in Fig. 11.3 always remains the same.

The first new example arises in a much different context from the stagecoach problem, but it has the same mathematical formulation except that the objective is to maximize rather than minimize a sum.

数学代写|运筹学作业代写operational research代考|A Prevalent Problem Type—The Distribution of Effort Problem

The preceding example illustrates a particularly common type of dynamic programming problem called the distribution of effort problem. For this type of problem, there is just one kind of resource that is to be allocated to a number of activities. The objective is to determine how to distribute the effort (the resource) among the activities most effectively. For the World Health Council example, the resource involved is the medical teams, and the three activities are the health care work in the three countries.

Assumptions. This interpretation of allocating resources to activities should ring a bell for you, because it is the typical interpretation for linear programming problems given at the beginning of Chap. 3. However, there also are some key differences between the distribution of effort problem and linear programming that help illuminate the general distinctions between dynamic programming and other areas of mathematical programming.
One key difference is that the distribution of effort problem involves only one resource (one functional constraint), whereas linear programming can deal with thousands of resources. (In principle, dynamic programming can handle slightly more than one resource, as we shall illustrate in Example 5 by solving the three-resource Wyndor Glass Co. problem, but it quickly becomes very inefficient when the number of resources is increased.)

On the other hand, the distribution of effort problem is far more general than linear programming in other ways. Consider the four assumptions of linear programming presented in Sec. 3.3: proportionality, additivity, divisibility, and certainty. Proportionality is routinely violated by nearly all dynamic programming problems, including distribution of effort problems (e.g., Table 11.1 violates proportionality). Divisibility also is often violated, as in Example 2, where the decision variables must be integers. In fact, dynamic programming calculations become more complex when divisibility does hold (as in Examples 4 and 5). Although we shall consider the distribution of effort problem only under the assumption of certainty, this is not necessary, and many other dynamic programming problems violate this assumption as well (as described in Sec. 11.4).

数学代写|运筹学作业代写operational research代考|MATH208

运筹学代考

数学代写|运筹学作业代写operational research代考|DETERMINISTIC DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING

本节进一步阐述了确定性问题的动态规划方法,其中下一阶段的状态完全由当前阶段的状态和政策决策决定。下一节将讨论概率情况,即存在下一状态的概率分布。

确定性动态规划的描述如图11.3所示。因此,在阶段$n$时,进程将处于某种状态$s_n$。制定策略决策$x_n$然后将流程移动到阶段$n+1$的某个状态$s_{n+1}$。在最优策略下,此后对目标函数的贡献先前已计算为$f_{n+1}^\left(s_{n+1}\right)$。决策$x_n$也对目标函数有一定的贡献。以一种适当的方式结合这两个量可以得到$f_n\left(s_n, x_n\right)$,即阶段$n$对目标函数的贡献。然后对$x_n$进行优化,得到$f_n^\left(s_n\right)=f_n\left(s_n, x_n^\right)$。在为$s_n$的每个可能值找到$x_n^$和$f_n^*\left(s_n\right)$之后,求解过程准备向后移动一个阶段。

对确定性动态规划问题进行分类的一种方法是通过目标函数的形式。例如,目标可能是最小化来自各个阶段的贡献的总和(就像公共马车问题一样),或者最大化这样的总和,或者最小化这样的项的乘积,等等。另一种分类是根据各个阶段的状态集的性质进行的。特别是,状态$s_n$可以用离散状态变量表示(就像驿站马车问题一样),也可以用连续状态变量表示,或者可能需要一个状态向量(多个变量)。
本文给出了几个例子来说明这些不同的可能性。更重要的是,它们说明了这些明显的主要差异实际上是相当无关紧要的(除了计算难度方面),因为图11.3所示的底层基本结构总是保持不变。

第一个新例子出现的背景与公共马车问题大不相同,但它具有相同的数学公式,只是目标是最大化而不是最小化总和。

数学代写|运筹学作业代写operational research代考|A Prevalent Problem Type—The Distribution of Effort Problem

前面的例子说明了一种特别常见的动态规划问题,称为工作量分配问题。对于这类问题,只需要将一种资源分配给若干活动。目标是确定如何在活动之间最有效地分配工作(资源)。以世界卫生理事会为例,所涉及的资源是医疗队,三个活动是三个国家的卫生保健工作。

假设。这种将资源分配给活动的解释应该对您有所帮助,因为它是第3章开头给出的线性规划问题的典型解释。然而,在工作量分配问题和线性规划之间也有一些关键的区别,这些区别有助于阐明动态规划和其他数学规划领域之间的一般区别。
一个关键的区别是,工作量分配问题只涉及一种资源(一个功能约束),而线性规划可以处理数千种资源。(原则上,动态规划可以处理一个以上的资源,正如我们将在例5中通过解决三个资源的winddor Glass Co.问题来说明的那样,但是当资源数量增加时,它很快就会变得非常低效。)

另一方面,努力分配问题在其他方面远比线性规划更为普遍。考虑第3.3节中提出的线性规划的四个假设:比例性、可加性、可除性和确定性。几乎所有的动态规划问题都经常违反比例原则,包括工作量分配问题(例如,表11.1违反了比例原则)。可除性也经常被违反,如在例2中,其中决策变量必须是整数。事实上,当可整除性成立时,动态规划计算变得更加复杂(如例4和5所示)。尽管我们将仅在确定性假设下考虑努力分配问题,但这是不必要的,许多其他动态规划问题也违反了这一假设(如第11.4节所述)。

统计代写|运筹学作业代写operational research代考 请认准statistics-lab™

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金融工程代写

金融工程是使用数学技术来解决金融问题。金融工程使用计算机科学、统计学、经济学和应用数学领域的工具和知识来解决当前的金融问题,以及设计新的和创新的金融产品。

非参数统计代写

非参数统计指的是一种统计方法,其中不假设数据来自于由少数参数决定的规定模型;这种模型的例子包括正态分布模型和线性回归模型。

广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型(GLM)归属统计学领域,是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

术语 广义线性模型(GLM)通常是指给定连续和/或分类预测因素的连续响应变量的常规线性回归模型。它包括多元线性回归,以及方差分析和方差分析(仅含固定效应)。

有限元方法代写

有限元方法(FEM)是一种流行的方法,用于数值解决工程和数学建模中出现的微分方程。典型的问题领域包括结构分析、传热、流体流动、质量运输和电磁势等传统领域。

有限元是一种通用的数值方法,用于解决两个或三个空间变量的偏微分方程(即一些边界值问题)。为了解决一个问题,有限元将一个大系统细分为更小、更简单的部分,称为有限元。这是通过在空间维度上的特定空间离散化来实现的,它是通过构建对象的网格来实现的:用于求解的数值域,它有有限数量的点。边界值问题的有限元方法表述最终导致一个代数方程组。该方法在域上对未知函数进行逼近。[1] 然后将模拟这些有限元的简单方程组合成一个更大的方程系统,以模拟整个问题。然后,有限元通过变化微积分使相关的误差函数最小化来逼近一个解决方案。

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随机分析代写


随机微积分是数学的一个分支,对随机过程进行操作。它允许为随机过程的积分定义一个关于随机过程的一致的积分理论。这个领域是由日本数学家伊藤清在第二次世界大战期间创建并开始的。

时间序列分析代写

随机过程,是依赖于参数的一组随机变量的全体,参数通常是时间。 随机变量是随机现象的数量表现,其时间序列是一组按照时间发生先后顺序进行排列的数据点序列。通常一组时间序列的时间间隔为一恒定值(如1秒,5分钟,12小时,7天,1年),因此时间序列可以作为离散时间数据进行分析处理。研究时间序列数据的意义在于现实中,往往需要研究某个事物其随时间发展变化的规律。这就需要通过研究该事物过去发展的历史记录,以得到其自身发展的规律。

回归分析代写

多元回归分析渐进(Multiple Regression Analysis Asymptotics)属于计量经济学领域,主要是一种数学上的统计分析方法,可以分析复杂情况下各影响因素的数学关系,在自然科学、社会和经济学等多个领域内应用广泛。

MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

R语言代写问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写深度学习代写
SQL代写各种数据建模与可视化代写

数学代写|MTH390 Operations Research

Statistics-lab™可以为您提供uconn.edu MTH390 Operations Research运筹学的代写代考和辅导服务!

MTH390 Operations Research课程简介

Operations Research utlizes mathematical modeling, techniques, and algorithms, to most appropriately allocate resources and meet goals. An alternative title for the course might be “Mathematical Theory of Management, Control and Decision Making” . In general the course is intended for students with interests in applied math, statistics, economics, engineering and science. A second semester of the course devoted to probabilistic techniques will be offered in the spring semester.

PREREQUISITES 

Linear programming is a widely-used optimization technique that involves linear objective functions and linear constraints. The simplex algorithm is a widely-used algorithm for solving linear programming problems, and it involves moving from one feasible solution to another in an iterative fashion until an optimal solution is found. Sensitivity analysis involves examining the effects of changes in the objective function coefficients and constraint values on the optimal solution.

Dual problems are closely related to linear programming problems and involve the optimization of a dual objective function subject to dual constraints. The dual problem is used to provide information about the original problem, including bounds on the optimal objective value and information about the shadow prices of the constraints.

Integer programming is a type of linear programming that involves additional constraints that require the variables to take on integer values. Network models involve the modeling of complex systems using networks, such as transportation or communication systems. Dynamic programming is a powerful optimization technique that involves breaking down a problem into smaller subproblems and solving each subproblem in a recursive manner.

Finally, the KKT conditions are a set of necessary conditions for an optimization problem to have an optimal solution. These conditions involve the first-order conditions for optimality and the complementary slackness conditions, and they are used to analyze optimization problems and to derive insights about their solutions.

MTH390 Operations Research HELP(EXAM HELP, ONLINE TUTOR)

问题 1.

(1) The sales manager thinks that it may be possible to increase the profit on product $C$ from 6 euros to 8 euros per unit. What happens to the optimal solution?

问题 2.

(2) The purchasing manager can buy 100 additional units of raw material from another supplier. However, this supplier’s price is 1.50 euros more per unit of raw material than the current supplier’s unit price. It is not possible to buy more raw material from the current supplier. What is the advice?

问题 3.

(3) The customer to whom 100 units of product $A$ had already been promised is willing to cancel the order in exchange for a compensation of 575 euros. What is the advice to the sales manager?

问题 4.

(4) The production manager thinks that 14 production hours can be transferred from finishing to assembly. The cost of this transfer is 140 euros. What are the comments on this?

Textbooks


• An Introduction to Stochastic Modeling, Fourth Edition by Pinsky and Karlin (freely
available through the university library here)
• Essentials of Stochastic Processes, Third Edition by Durrett (freely available through
the university library here)
To reiterate, the textbooks are freely available through the university library. Note that
you must be connected to the university Wi-Fi or VPN to access the ebooks from the library
links. Furthermore, the library links take some time to populate, so do not be alarmed if
the webpage looks bare for a few seconds.

此图像的alt属性为空;文件名为%E7%B2%89%E7%AC%94%E5%AD%97%E6%B5%B7%E6%8A%A5-1024x575-10.png
数学代写|MTH390 Operations Research

Statistics-lab™可以为您提供uconn.edu MTH390 Operations Research运筹学的代写代考和辅导服务! 请认准Statistics-lab™. Statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

数学代写|ECON2326 Operations Research

Statistics-lab™可以为您提供uconn.edu ECON2326 Operations Research运筹学的代写代考和辅导服务!

ECON2326 Operations Research课程简介

Operations Research utlizes mathematical modeling, techniques, and algorithms, to most appropriately allocate resources and meet goals. An alternative title for the course might be “Mathematical Theory of Management, Control and Decision Making” . In general the course is intended for students with interests in applied math, statistics, economics, engineering and science. A second semester of the course devoted to probabilistic techniques will be offered in the spring semester.

PREREQUISITES 

Linear programming is a widely-used optimization technique that involves linear objective functions and linear constraints. The simplex algorithm is a widely-used algorithm for solving linear programming problems, and it involves moving from one feasible solution to another in an iterative fashion until an optimal solution is found. Sensitivity analysis involves examining the effects of changes in the objective function coefficients and constraint values on the optimal solution.

Dual problems are closely related to linear programming problems and involve the optimization of a dual objective function subject to dual constraints. The dual problem is used to provide information about the original problem, including bounds on the optimal objective value and information about the shadow prices of the constraints.

Integer programming is a type of linear programming that involves additional constraints that require the variables to take on integer values. Network models involve the modeling of complex systems using networks, such as transportation or communication systems. Dynamic programming is a powerful optimization technique that involves breaking down a problem into smaller subproblems and solving each subproblem in a recursive manner.

Finally, the KKT conditions are a set of necessary conditions for an optimization problem to have an optimal solution. These conditions involve the first-order conditions for optimality and the complementary slackness conditions, and they are used to analyze optimization problems and to derive insights about their solutions.

ECON2326 Operations Research HELP(EXAM HELP, ONLINE TUTOR)

问题 1.

Consider the shortest-path model as discussed in Section 5.2. Suppose that in addition to the costs for passing through the edges, a cost of $2 \frac{1}{2}$ is incurred every time a change of direction occurs in the path. First define the value function with appropriate state variables, and then define a dynamic programming algorithm to calculate the minimum-cost path. Apply the algorithm to the data in Figure 5.1.

问题 2.

Suppose that in the Manhattan network of Figure 5.1, heavily-loaded trucks go from $A$ to $B$. The numbers $R(x, y)$ and $U(x, y)$ along the road segments indicate the total weight in tons the road segment in question can tolerate. Explain that the value function $f(x, y)$ defined as the heaviest weight possible from point $(x, y)$ to the endpoint $B$ satisfies the recursive relation
$$
f(x, y)=\max {\min {R(x, y), f(x+1, y)}, \min {U(x, y), f(x, y+1)}}
$$
and calculate the maximum-load path.

问题 3.

Solve the shortest-path problem from Exercise 3.2 in Chapter 3 with dynamic programming. Define the value function and the recursion relation.

问题 4.

In the Wild West, traveling by stagecoach was risky. A trip from Santa Fé to Fort Thomas took three days. The possible routes are given in Figure 5.6. The numbers along the possible day trips give the probability, as a percentage, of a robbery along the route in question. The beloved country singer Lilian Song from Santa Fé must perform in Fort Thomas. She asks her manager to determine the route the stagecoach should take to maximize the probability of arriving safely in Fort Thomas.
(a) Define the value function and the recursion relation, and then carry out the calculations for the manager.
(b) Once the safest path has been determined, Lilian, capricious as ever, changes her mind and decides to follow the path for which the greatest distance traveled in one day is as small as possible (now, the numbers along the arcs indicate the distances in units of 10 kilometers). Again, define the value function and the recursion relation, and calculate the optimal path.

Textbooks


• An Introduction to Stochastic Modeling, Fourth Edition by Pinsky and Karlin (freely
available through the university library here)
• Essentials of Stochastic Processes, Third Edition by Durrett (freely available through
the university library here)
To reiterate, the textbooks are freely available through the university library. Note that
you must be connected to the university Wi-Fi or VPN to access the ebooks from the library
links. Furthermore, the library links take some time to populate, so do not be alarmed if
the webpage looks bare for a few seconds.

此图像的alt属性为空;文件名为%E7%B2%89%E7%AC%94%E5%AD%97%E6%B5%B7%E6%8A%A5-1024x575-10.png
数学代写|ECON2326 Operations Research

Statistics-lab™可以为您提供uconn.edu ECON2326 Operations Research运筹学的代写代考和辅导服务! 请认准Statistics-lab™. Statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

数学代写|ECON2326 Operations Research

Statistics-lab™可以为您提供uconn.edu ECON2326 Operations Research运筹学的代写代考和辅导服务!

ECON2326 Operations Research课程简介

Operations Research utlizes mathematical modeling, techniques, and algorithms, to most appropriately allocate resources and meet goals. An alternative title for the course might be “Mathematical Theory of Management, Control and Decision Making” . In general the course is intended for students with interests in applied math, statistics, economics, engineering and science. A second semester of the course devoted to probabilistic techniques will be offered in the spring semester.

PREREQUISITES 

Linear programming is a widely-used optimization technique that involves linear objective functions and linear constraints. The simplex algorithm is a widely-used algorithm for solving linear programming problems, and it involves moving from one feasible solution to another in an iterative fashion until an optimal solution is found. Sensitivity analysis involves examining the effects of changes in the objective function coefficients and constraint values on the optimal solution.

Dual problems are closely related to linear programming problems and involve the optimization of a dual objective function subject to dual constraints. The dual problem is used to provide information about the original problem, including bounds on the optimal objective value and information about the shadow prices of the constraints.

Integer programming is a type of linear programming that involves additional constraints that require the variables to take on integer values. Network models involve the modeling of complex systems using networks, such as transportation or communication systems. Dynamic programming is a powerful optimization technique that involves breaking down a problem into smaller subproblems and solving each subproblem in a recursive manner.

Finally, the KKT conditions are a set of necessary conditions for an optimization problem to have an optimal solution. These conditions involve the first-order conditions for optimality and the complementary slackness conditions, and they are used to analyze optimization problems and to derive insights about their solutions.

ECON2326 Operations Research HELP(EXAM HELP, ONLINE TUTOR)

问题 1.

A large bookshop sells 200 copies of the classic cookbook Grandma’s Secrets every month, with demand spread evenly over the month. The purchase cost is $€ 15$ per book. The bookshop’s total annual holding cost is $24 \%$ of the capital invested in inventory. The fixed ordering cost is estimated at $€ 35$.

(a) What is the optimal order quantity? Also calculate the minimum annual ordering and holding costs.

(b) What is the deviation from the theoretical minimum cost if the book can only be ordered by multiples of 50 ?

(c) When should an order be placed if the lead time is half a month?

(a) To determine the optimal order quantity, we can use the economic order quantity (EOQ) formula:

$EOQ = \sqrt{\frac{2DS}{H}}$

where:

  • D is the annual demand, which is 200 copies per month x 12 months = 2400 copies per year
  • S is the fixed ordering cost, which is €35
  • H is the holding cost per unit per year, which is 24% of the purchase cost per unit. Since the purchase cost is €15, the holding cost per unit per year is €15 x 24% = €3.60

Plugging in the values, we get:

$EOQ = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times 2400 \times 35}{3.60}} \approx 374.16$

Rounding up to the nearest whole number, the optimal order quantity is 375.

To calculate the minimum annual ordering and holding costs, we can use the following formulas:

$Annual ordering cost = \frac{DS}{EOQ} \times S$

$Annual holding cost = \frac{EOQ}{2} \times H$

Plugging in the values, we get:

$Annual ordering cost = \frac{2400 \times 35}{375} \approx 2240$

$Annual holding cost = \frac{375}{2} \times 3.60 \approx 675$

Therefore, the minimum annual ordering and holding costs are €2,240 and €675, respectively.

(b) If the book can only be ordered by multiples of 50, we need to find the order quantity that is closest to the EOQ and also a multiple of 50. The closest multiple of 50 to the EOQ of 374.16 is 350.

The annual ordering cost for an order quantity of 350 is:

$Annual ordering cost = \frac{2400 \times 35}{350} = 2400$

The annual holding cost can be calculated using the formula:

$Annual holding cost = \frac{350}{2} \times 3.60 = 630$

Therefore, the total annual ordering and holding costs for an order quantity of 350 are €2,400 + €630 = €3,030.

The deviation from the theoretical minimum cost is:

$\frac{3030 – 2915}{2915} \times 100% \approx 3.95%$

So the cost increase due to ordering in multiples of 50 is approximately 3.95%.

(c) If the lead time is half a month, we need to adjust the EOQ formula to include the additional demand during the lead time. The modified EOQ formula is:

$EOQ = \sqrt{\frac{2DS}{H} \times \frac{P}{P+L}}$

where:

  • P is the number of periods in a year, which is 12
  • L is the lead time in months, which is 0.5

Plugging in the values, we get:

$EOQ = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times 2400 \times 35}{3.60} \times \frac{12}{12+0.5}} \approx 382.99$

Rounding up to the nearest multiple of 50, the optimal order quantity is 400.

To determine when to place an order, we need to calculate the reorder point. The reorder point is the level of inventory at which a new order should be placed. It can be calculated using the following formula:

$Reorder point = D \times \frac{L+P}{P} = 2400 \times \frac{0.5+12}{12}

问题 2.

A specialist store sells 3500 Golden Tip ballpoint pens a year, with demand spread evenly over the year. The store estimates the annual holding cost at $18 \%$ of the capital invested in inventory. The purchase cost of the ballpoint pen is $€ 7.00$ if at least 350 pens are ordered; otherwise, the cost is $€ 7.50$. Every time the shop places an order with the supplier, it costs $€ 25$. What is the optimal order quantity?

To determine the optimal order quantity, we can use the economic order quantity (EOQ) formula:

$EOQ = \sqrt{\frac{2DS}{H}}$

where:

  • D is the annual demand, which is 3500 pens per year
  • S is the fixed ordering cost, which is €25 per order
  • H is the holding cost per unit per year, which is 18% of the purchase cost per unit.

We need to consider two different purchase costs: €7.00 if at least 350 pens are ordered, and €7.50 otherwise. Let’s first calculate the EOQ for the lower purchase cost of €7.00:

$EOQ_1 = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times 3500 \times 25}{0.18 \times 350}} \approx 279.72$

Rounding up to the nearest whole number, the optimal order quantity for the lower purchase cost is 280.

To check whether we should order at the lower purchase cost, we need to calculate the total cost of ordering 280 pens at €7.00:

$Total cost_1 = \frac{DS}{EOQ_1} \times S + \frac{EOQ_1}{2} \times H_1 + DP_1$

where:

  • D is the annual demand, which is 3500 pens per year
  • S is the fixed ordering cost, which is €25 per order
  • EOQ_1 is the optimal order quantity for the lower purchase cost of €7.00, which is 280 pens
  • H_1 is the holding cost per unit per year for the lower purchase cost, which is 18% of €7.00 = €1.26 per pen per year
  • P_1 is the purchase cost per pen, which is €7.00
  • D is the annual demand, which is 3500 pens per year

Plugging in the values, we get:

$Total cost_1 = \frac{3500 \times 25}{280} \times 25 + \frac{280}{2} \times 1.26 + 3500 \times 7 = 6325$

Now let’s calculate the EOQ for the higher purchase cost of €7.50:

$EOQ_2 = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times 3500 \times 25}{0.18 \times 350}} \approx 264.58$

Rounding up to the nearest whole number, the optimal order quantity for the higher purchase cost is 265.

To check whether we should order at the higher purchase cost, we need to calculate the total cost of ordering 265 pens at €7.50:

$Total cost_2 = \frac{DS}{EOQ_2} \times S + \frac{EOQ_2}{2} \times H_2 + DP_2$

where:

  • D is the annual demand, which is 3500 pens per year
  • S is the fixed ordering cost, which is €25 per order
  • EOQ_2 is the optimal order quantity for the higher purchase cost of €7.50, which is 265 pens
  • H_2 is the holding cost per unit per year for the higher purchase cost, which is 18% of €7.50 = €1.35 per pen per year
  • P_2 is the purchase cost per pen, which is €7.50
  • D is the annual demand, which is 3500 pens per year

Plugging in the values, we get:

$Total cost_2 = \frac{3500 \times 25}{265} \times

Textbooks


• An Introduction to Stochastic Modeling, Fourth Edition by Pinsky and Karlin (freely
available through the university library here)
• Essentials of Stochastic Processes, Third Edition by Durrett (freely available through
the university library here)
To reiterate, the textbooks are freely available through the university library. Note that
you must be connected to the university Wi-Fi or VPN to access the ebooks from the library
links. Furthermore, the library links take some time to populate, so do not be alarmed if
the webpage looks bare for a few seconds.

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数学代写|ECON2326 Operations Research

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