经济代写|产业经济学代写Industrial Economics代考|ECON30003
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产业经济学是关于公司、行业和市场的研究。它研究各种规模的公司–从当地的角落商店到沃尔玛或乐购这样的跨国巨头。它还考虑了一系列的行业,如发电、汽车生产和餐馆。
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我们提供的产业经济学Industrial Economics及其相关学科的代写,服务范围广, 其中包括但不限于:
- Statistical Inference 统计推断
- Statistical Computing 统计计算
- Advanced Probability Theory 高等概率论
- Advanced Mathematical Statistics 高等数理统计学
- (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
- Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
- Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
- Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

经济代写|产业经济学代写Industrial Economics代考|The relationships between targets and instruments
The simplest mechanism for influencing the quantity and quality of retailing resources is to specify contractually the conditions under which the product is to be sold. This is often not enough, however: no Court will adjudicate on the attractiveness or helpfulness of sales assistants; no individual retailer has control over the total number of retail outlets. Resale price maintenance, territorial exclusivity, and selective distribution can all be used to give incentives to increase the resources devoted to retailing a particular product.
Opportunism is made possible by the existence of asset specificity and sunk costs on one side of the relationship and is discouraged by increasing them on the other. Exclusive dealing relationships and territorial exclusivity are both means of increasing the commitment of the two parties to the relationship. Raising the other party’s sunk costs has the same effect.
One way of securing bias is to build it into the terms and conditions of supply – a stockist of my washing machines may be required to devote a certain amount of space to their display. Bias is intrinsic to an exclusive dealing arrangement. The most valuable bias, however, is that provided by a retailer who appears to be independent. Override commissions to travel agents or insurance brokers may achieve this. So may direct payment for promotion of the product. (These are more usually made indirectly through the provision of cheap loans or equipment.)
Market segmentation may be defended by contractual prohibitions on arbitrage, while resale price maintenance may make arbitrage unprofitable. Exclusive dealing arrangements increase search and switching costs for consumers, and may also raise switching costs for retailers, since they tend to increase the extent to which assets are specific to a particular manufacturer. Non-linear price schedules make alternative sourcing on a small scale expensive. Increasing sunk costs which are specific to a particular producer directly increases the costs to retailers of switching supplier. All these devices also have the effect of creating obstacles to new entry.
Vertical restraints can most effectively be used to extend monopoly through a form of exclusive dealing: purchase of the monopoly product is conditional on buying the competitive products from the same supplier. Alternatively, the competitive and monopoly products are often combined in a single bundle.
The matrix of relationships between targets and instruments is shown in table 14.1. The lists are not exhaustive: nor are the entries in the cells of the matrix complete. But the structure illustrates why vertical restraints pose a general problem for competition policy. Some of the objectives of vertical restraints are essentially benign. In respect of the manufacturer’s interest in the absolute conditions of product sale, for example, it is difficult to detect any divergence between the interests of consumers and producers. The situation is, however, very different when measures to discourage entry are concerned. But the difficulty is that there is no one to one mapping between targets and instruments. The same mechanism may serve both innocuous and anticompetitive ends. It follows from this that rules which are based on the form of a particular restraint are likely to be inadequate. Nor is it possible, or sensible, to look at intent: since there are several purposes to any particular action, there is no reason why even a frank respondent should be clear about the relative contributions of his different motives. That requires that public policy should undertake a cost-benefit analysis of the consequences of any particular restraint: but is it realistic to expect that the antitrust authorities will make an assessment of a rule such as McDonald’s hamburgers must be sold under golden arches?
经济代写|产业经济学代写Industrial Economics代考|The legality of vertical restraints
The basic legal principle is that the Courts will enforce a valid contract. It follows that if the conditions of sale include a vertical restraint, then that restraint binds the purchaser. Exceptionally, the law may make certain restraints ineffective by express provision. This is common, for example, where the manufacturer seeks to escape liability to purchasers of defective products. A seller may also require the purchaser to impose conditions on subsequent purchasers – as is true of the restriction on rebinding books. Transfers of land may often be subject to irrelevant or onerous conditions which were imposed for the first time in transactions which occurred many centuries ago.
Vertical restraints imposed within the European Community fall under the scope of Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty of Rome. Article 85 prohibits an agreement between undertakings which restricts or distorts competition and has an effect on trade between member states. Article $85(3)$ provides, however, for the exemption of agreements which are of economic benefit. This provision has been used by the Commission to grant block exemption for certain important categories of vertical restraint, particularly the selective distribution agreements between motor manufacturers and their franchisees and the exclusive dealing arrangements between the suppliers of beer and petrol and their retailers.
A vertical restraint may also be an abuse of a dominant position in terms of Article 86. There is no equivalent provision for exemption from Article 86 , and Article 86 has been applied against a range of vertical restrictions, including territorial exclusivity (Grundig), incentive schemes for dealers (Michelin Tyres) and aggregated rebates (Hoffman la Roche).
Some Community states also have domestic legislation which bears on – at least some – kinds of vertical restraint. In the UK, resale price maintenance is generally illegal. Policy towards other forms of restriction broadly follows the European model. A vertical restraint is likely to be an anticompetitive practice in terms of the 1980 Competition Act, which means that if it is found, after investigation by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission, to be against the public interest, it can be prohibited. Raleigh’s refusal to supply bicycles other than through specialist retailers fell under these provisions. If they are undertaken by a firm or groups of firms who occupy a monopoly position, vertical restraints may be the subject of specific recommendation following an investigation by the $\mathrm{MMC}$ of the industry as a whole. This was the basis of the recent recommendations made (but not substantially implemented) for loosening the ties between breweries and public houses. The German position is similar. Section 15 of the Restraint of Competition Act (GWB) imposes a general prohibition of resale price maintenance. There are no per se rules about other vertical restraints, but section 18 allows the Cartel Office to declare specific practices illegal.

产业经济学代考
经济代写|产业经济学代写Industrial Economics代考|The relationships between targets and instruments
影响零售资源数量和质量的最简单机制是在合同中指定产品销售条件。然而,这通常还不够:没有法院会就销售助理的吸引力或乐于助人做出裁决;没有哪个零售商可以控制零售店的总数。维持转售价格、区域独家经营权和选择性分销都可以用来激励增加用于零售特定产品的资源。
关系一方面的资产专用性和沉没成本的存在使机会主义成为可能,而另一方面则因增加它们而受到阻碍。排他性交易关系和领土排他性都是增加双方对关系的承诺的手段。提高对方的沉没成本也有同样的效果。
确保偏见的一种方法是将其纳入供应条款和条件——我的洗衣机的库存商可能需要为他们的展示投入一定的空间。偏见是排他性交易安排所固有的。然而,最有价值的偏见是由看似独立的零售商提供的。覆盖旅行社或保险经纪人的佣金可能会实现这一点。因此可以直接为产品的促销付款。(这些通常是通过提供低息贷款或设备间接获得的。)
市场分割可以通过合同禁止套利来保护,而维持转售价格可能会使套利无利可图。排他性交易安排增加了消费者的搜索和转换成本,也可能增加了零售商的转换成本,因为它们往往会增加资产对特定制造商的特定程度。非线性价格表使小规模的替代采购变得昂贵。特定生产商特有的沉没成本增加直接增加了零售商更换供应商的成本。所有这些设备还具有为新进入设置障碍的效果。
纵向限制可以最有效地用于通过排他性交易形式扩大垄断:购买垄断产品的条件是从同一供应商处购买竞争产品。或者,竞争产品和垄断产品通常组合成一个包。
表 14.1 显示了目标和工具之间的关系矩阵。这些列表并不详尽:矩阵单元格中的条目也不完整。但该结构说明了为什么纵向限制会成为竞争政策的普遍问题。纵向限制的一些目标本质上是良性的。例如,在产品销售的绝对条件下制造商的利益,消费者和生产者的利益之间很难发现任何分歧。然而,当涉及阻止进入的措施时,情况就大不相同了。但困难在于目标和仪器之间没有一对一的映射。相同的机制可能同时服务于无害和反竞争的目的。由此可见,基于特定限制形式的规则可能是不充分的。看意图也是不可能的,也不明智的:因为任何特定行为都有多个目的,所以即使是坦率的受访者也没有理由清楚他不同动机的相对贡献。这就要求公共政策应对任何特定限制的后果进行成本效益分析:但是期望反托拉斯当局对麦当劳汉堡必须在金拱门下销售这样的规则进行评估是否现实?即使是坦率的受访者也没有理由清楚他不同动机的相对贡献。这就要求公共政策应对任何特定限制的后果进行成本效益分析:但是期望反托拉斯当局对麦当劳汉堡必须在金拱门下销售这样的规则进行评估是否现实?即使是坦率的受访者也没有理由清楚他不同动机的相对贡献。这就要求公共政策应对任何特定限制的后果进行成本效益分析:但是期望反托拉斯当局对麦当劳汉堡必须在金拱门下销售这样的规则进行评估是否现实?
经济代写|产业经济学代写Industrial Economics代考|The legality of vertical restraints
基本的法律原则是法院将强制执行有效的合同。因此,如果销售条件包括纵向限制,则该限制对购买者具有约束力。在特殊情况下,法律可以通过明文规定使某些限制无效。这很常见,例如,制造商试图逃避对有缺陷产品的购买者的责任。卖家也可能要求买家对后续买家施加条件——对重新装订书籍的限制也是如此。土地转让可能常常受到不相关或繁重的条件的约束,这些条件是在许多世纪前发生的交易中首次施加的。
欧洲共同体内部实施的纵向限制属于《罗马条约》第 85 条和第 86 条的范围。第 85 条禁止企业之间达成限制或扭曲竞争并对成员国之间的贸易产生影响的协议。文章85(3)但是,规定豁免具有经济利益的协议。该条款已被委员会用于对某些重要类别的纵向限制授予集体豁免,特别是汽车制造商与其特许经营商之间的选择性分销协议以及啤酒和汽油供应商与其零售商之间的独家交易安排。
根据第 86 条,纵向限制也可能是滥用支配地位。第 86 条没有相应的豁免条款,第 86 条适用于一系列纵向限制,包括领土排他性 (Grundig)、激励措施经销商计划 (Michelin Tyres) 和综合回扣 (Hoffman la Roche)。
一些共同体国家也有涉及(至少是某些)纵向限制的国内立法。在英国,维持转售价格通常是非法的。针对其他形式的限制的政策大致遵循欧洲模式。根据 1980 年《竞争法》,纵向限制很可能是一种反竞争行为,这意味着如果经垄断与兼并委员会调查后发现有违公共利益,则可以予以禁止。Raleigh 拒绝通过专业零售商以外的方式供应自行车属于这些规定。如果它们是由占据垄断地位的公司或公司集团承担的,则纵向限制可能是经过监管机构调查后具体建议的主题米米C整个行业的。这是最近为放松啤酒厂和公共场所之间的联系而提出(但没有实质性实施)的建议的基础。德国的立场与此相似。《限制竞争法》(GWB) 第 15 条规定普遍禁止维持转售价格。没有关于其他纵向限制的本身规则,但第 18 节允许卡特尔办公室宣布特定行为非法。
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金融工程代写
金融工程是使用数学技术来解决金融问题。金融工程使用计算机科学、统计学、经济学和应用数学领域的工具和知识来解决当前的金融问题,以及设计新的和创新的金融产品。
非参数统计代写
非参数统计指的是一种统计方法,其中不假设数据来自于由少数参数决定的规定模型;这种模型的例子包括正态分布模型和线性回归模型。
广义线性模型代考
广义线性模型(GLM)归属统计学领域,是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。
术语 广义线性模型(GLM)通常是指给定连续和/或分类预测因素的连续响应变量的常规线性回归模型。它包括多元线性回归,以及方差分析和方差分析(仅含固定效应)。
有限元方法代写
有限元方法(FEM)是一种流行的方法,用于数值解决工程和数学建模中出现的微分方程。典型的问题领域包括结构分析、传热、流体流动、质量运输和电磁势等传统领域。
有限元是一种通用的数值方法,用于解决两个或三个空间变量的偏微分方程(即一些边界值问题)。为了解决一个问题,有限元将一个大系统细分为更小、更简单的部分,称为有限元。这是通过在空间维度上的特定空间离散化来实现的,它是通过构建对象的网格来实现的:用于求解的数值域,它有有限数量的点。边界值问题的有限元方法表述最终导致一个代数方程组。该方法在域上对未知函数进行逼近。[1] 然后将模拟这些有限元的简单方程组合成一个更大的方程系统,以模拟整个问题。然后,有限元通过变化微积分使相关的误差函数最小化来逼近一个解决方案。
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随机分析代写
随机微积分是数学的一个分支,对随机过程进行操作。它允许为随机过程的积分定义一个关于随机过程的一致的积分理论。这个领域是由日本数学家伊藤清在第二次世界大战期间创建并开始的。
时间序列分析代写
随机过程,是依赖于参数的一组随机变量的全体,参数通常是时间。 随机变量是随机现象的数量表现,其时间序列是一组按照时间发生先后顺序进行排列的数据点序列。通常一组时间序列的时间间隔为一恒定值(如1秒,5分钟,12小时,7天,1年),因此时间序列可以作为离散时间数据进行分析处理。研究时间序列数据的意义在于现实中,往往需要研究某个事物其随时间发展变化的规律。这就需要通过研究该事物过去发展的历史记录,以得到其自身发展的规律。
回归分析代写
多元回归分析渐进(Multiple Regression Analysis Asymptotics)属于计量经济学领域,主要是一种数学上的统计分析方法,可以分析复杂情况下各影响因素的数学关系,在自然科学、社会和经济学等多个领域内应用广泛。
MATLAB代写
MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习和应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。