## 数学代写|概率论代写Probability theory代考|MATHS7103

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• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 数学代写|概率论代写Probability theory代考|Set, Operation, and Function

Set. In general, a set is a collection of objects equipped with an equality relation. To define a set is to specify how to construct an element of the set, and how to prove that two elements are equal. A set is also called a family.

A member $\omega$ in the collection $\Omega$ is called an element of the latter, or, in symbols, $\omega \in \Omega$

The usual set-theoretic notations are used. Let two subsets $A$ and $B$ of a set $\Omega$ be given. We will write $A \cup B$ for the union, and $A \cap B$ or $A B$ for the intersection. We write $A \subset B$ if each member $\omega$ of $A$ is a member of $B$. We write $A \supset B$ for $B \subset A$. The set-theoretic complement of a subset $A$ of the set $\Omega$ is defined as the set ${\omega \in \Omega: \omega \in A$ implies a contradiction $}$. We write $\omega \notin A$ if $\omega \in A$ implies a contradiction.

Nonempty set. A set $\Omega$ is said to be nonempty if we can construct some element $\omega \in \Omega$.

Empty set. A set $\Omega$ is said to be empty if it is impossible to construct an element $\omega \in \Omega$. We will let $\phi$ denote an empty set.

Operation. Suppose $A, B$ are sets. A finite, step-by-step, method $X$ that produces an element $X(x) \in B$ given any $x \in A$ is called an operation from $A$ to $B$. The element $X(x)$ need not be unique. Two different applications of the operation $X$ with the same input element $x$ can produce different outputs. An example of an operation is [. $]_1$, which assigns to each $a \in R$ an integer $[a]_1 \in$ $(a, a+2)$. This operation is a substitute of the classical operation [-] and will be used frequently in the present work.

Function. Suppose $\Omega, \Omega^{\prime}$ are sets. Suppose $X$ is an operation that, for each $\omega$ in some nonempty subset $A$ of $\Omega$, constructs a unique member $X(\omega)$ in $\Omega^{\prime}$. Then the operation $X$ is called a function from $\Omega$ to $\Omega^{\prime}$, or simply a function on $\Omega$. The subset $A$ is called the domain of $X$. We then write $X: \Omega \rightarrow \Omega^{\prime}$, and write domain $(X)$ for the set $A$. Thus a function $X$ is an operation that has the additional property that if $\omega_1=\omega_2$ in $\operatorname{domain}(X)$, then $X\left(\omega_1\right)=X\left(\omega_2\right)$ in $\Omega^{\prime}$. To specify a function $X$, we need to specify its domain as well as the operation that produces the image $X(\omega)$ from each given member $\omega$ of $\operatorname{domain}(X)$.
Two functions $X, Y$ are considered equal, $X=Y$ in symbols, if
$\operatorname{domain}(X)=\operatorname{domain}(Y)$,
and if $X(\omega)=Y(\omega)$ for each $\omega \in \operatorname{domain}(X)$. When emphasis is needed, this equality will be referred to as the set-theoretic equality, in contradistinction to almost everywhere equality, to be defined later.

## 数学代写|概率论代写Probability theory代考|Metric Space

The definitions and notations related to metric spaces in [Bishop and Bridges 1985], with few exceptions, are familiar to readers of classical texts. A summary of these definitions and notations follows.

Metric complement. Let $(S, d)$ be a metric space. If $J$ is a subset of $S$, its metric complement is the set ${x \in S: d(x, y)>0$ for all $y \in J}$. Unless otherwise specified, $J_c$ will denote the metric complement of $J$.

Condition valid for all but countably many points in metric space. A condition is said to hold for all but countably many members of $S$ if it holds for each member in the metric complement $J_c$ of some countable subset $J$ of $S$.

Inequality in a metric space. We will say that two elements $x, y \in S$ are unequal, and write $x \neq y$, if $d(x, y)>0$.

Metrically discrete subset of a metric space. We will call a subset $A$ of $S$ metrically discrete if, for each $x, y \in A$ we have $x=y$ or $d(x, y)>0$. Classically, each subset $A$ of $S$ is metrically discrete.

Limit of a sequence of functions with values in a metric space. Let $\left(f_n\right){n=1,2, \ldots .}$ be a sequence of functions from a set $\Omega$ to $S$ such that the set $$D \equiv\left{\omega \in \bigcap{i=1}^{\infty} \operatorname{domain}\left(f_i\right): \lim {i \rightarrow \infty} f_i(\omega) \text { exists in } S\right}$$ is nonempty. Then $\lim {i \rightarrow \infty} f_i$ is defined as the function with domain $\left(\lim {i \rightarrow \infty} f_i\right) \equiv D$ and with value $$\left(\lim {i \rightarrow \infty} f_i\right)(\omega) \equiv \lim {i \rightarrow \infty} f_i(\omega)$$ for each $\omega \in D$. We emphasize that $\lim {i \rightarrow \infty} f_i$ is well defined only if it can be shown that $D$ is nonempty.

## 数学代写|概率论代写Probability theory代考|Set, Operation, and Function

. Inotherwords, unlessotherwisespecified, convergenceofaseriesofrealnumbersmeansabsolute $2.18$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Probabilistic setup

∑吨0=0吨H吨一世(小号吨一世+1−小号吨一世)⟶n→∞∫0吨H吨d小号吨

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Variance swaps

1吨∑一世=0n−1(ln⁡小号吨一世+1小号吨一世)2,吨0=0,吨n=吨

1吨∑一世=0n−1(ln⁡小号吨一世+1小号吨一世)2⟶n→∞1吨⟨ln⁡小号⟩吨

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Covariance options

∑一世=0n−1(和吨一世+1磷[F1]−和吨一世磷[F1])(和吨一世+1磷[F2]−和吨一世磷[F2])

∫0吨d⟨和磷[F1],和磷[F2]⟩吨

∫0吨d⟨和磷[F1],和磷[F2]⟩吨=(F1F2−和μ[F1F2]) +(和μ[F1F2]−和0磷[F1]和0磷[F2]) −∫0吨和吨磷[F1]d和吨磷[F2]−∫0吨和吨磷[F2]d和吨磷[F1]

\begin{对齐} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[\int_{0}^{T} d\left\langle\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left [F_{1}\right], \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F_{2}\right]\right\rangle_{t}\right]=& \mathbb{E}^ {\mu}\left[F_{1} F_{2}\right]-\mathbb{E}{0}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{1}\right] \mathbb{E} {0}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{2}\right] \ & \forall \mathbb{P} \in \mathcal{M}^{c} \cap\left{\mathbb{P }: \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F_{1} F_{2}\right]=\mathbb{E}^{\mu}\left[F_{1} F_{2 }\right]\right} \end{对齐}\begin{对齐} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[\int_{0}^{T} d\left\langle\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left [F_{1}\right], \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F_{2}\right]\right\rangle_{t}\right]=& \mathbb{E}^ {\mu}\left[F_{1} F_{2}\right]-\mathbb{E}{0}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{1}\right] \mathbb{E} {0}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{2}\right] \ & \forall \mathbb{P} \in \mathcal{M}^{c} \cap\left{\mathbb{P }: \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F_{1} F_{2}\right]=\mathbb{E}^{\mu}\left[F_{1} F_{2 }\right]\right} \end{对齐}

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## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。