statistics-labTM为您纽卡斯尔大学（Newcastle University），简称“NCL”Discrete Mathematics离散数学英国代写代考和辅导服务！
课程介绍：
Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are discrete, separated or distinct; in contrast with calculus which deals with continuous change. It is an important area of pure and applied mathematics, as well as providing the mathematical basis for the understanding of computers and modern computation. Discrete Mathematics is important in the sciences, where it has increasing application in many areas, an exemplar of which is the understanding of DNA sequences in molecular biology. The Discrete Mathematics course introduces first year students to the basic concepts of discrete mathematics, covering topics such as sets, logic, enumeration methods, probability, recurrence relations, induction and graph theory. The course provides important background for students pursuing a BMath degree. It covers much of the mathematics essential for students majoring in Computer Science or Software Engineering, and is a compulsory course in those degree programs.
| Attribute | Detail |
|---|---|
| Course Code | MATH1510 |
| Course Title | Discrete Mathematics |
| Units | 10 units |
| Level | 1000 level |
| Pre-Requisites | HSC Advanced Mathematics (Bands 5 or 6), or equivalent |
| Course Coordinator/Lecturer | Not explicitly mentioned in the provided text |
Discrete Mathematics离散数学的案例
Let $\phi: G \rightarrow H$ be a group isomorphism. If $g \in G$ then the group inverse, in the group $H$, of $\phi(g)$ is $\phi\left(g^{-1}\right)$.
Proof: We may check that
$$
\phi(g) \cdot \phi\left(g^{-1}\right)=\phi\left(g \cdot g^{-1}\right)=\phi\left(e_G\right)=e_H
$$
(by Proposition 9.5)
Also
$$
\phi\left(g^{-1}\right) \cdot \phi(g)=\phi\left(g^{-1} \cdot g\right)=\phi\left(e_G\right)=e_H
$$
(by Proposition 9.5)
Thus $\phi\left(g^{-1}\right)$ possesses the defining properties of the group inverse of $\phi(g)$. Since the group inverse of any group element is unique, our result follows.
The theory of groups has become a large and essential part of modern mathematics. It is also used in physics (in quantum mechanics, for instance), in engineering, and in theoretical computer science (for example, data compression theory uses group theory).
It is a classical result of basic group theory that all finite abelian groups have been classified. Indeed, it can be shown that any such group is a product (in the sense of set theory) of cyclic groups. One of the triumphs of twentieth century mathematics is that all groups of finite order have been classified. This result is the product of the work of hundreds of mathematicians and will ultimately produce a book of several thousand pages.
If $n$ is a positive integer and $k$ is relatively prime to $n$ then
$$
k^{\varphi(n)}=1 \bmod n
$$
Proof: The proof of this result is easy. For the collection $\mathcal{P}(n)$ of numbers relatively prime to $n$ forms a group under multiplication. That is, if $a$ is relatively prime to $n$ and $b$ is relatively prime to $n$ then logic dictates that $a \cdot b$ is relatively prime to $n$. Now it is a fundamental fact-we cannot prove it here, but see [BMS] – that if a group has $m$ elements and $g$ is an element of the group then $g^m$ is the group identity. Thus any element of the group, raised to the power $\varphi(n)$ (the number of elements in the group) will equal 1 modulo $n$.
For later use, it is worth noting that if $p, q$ are prime numbers and $n=p \cdot q$ then $\varphi(n)=(p-1) \cdot(q-1)$.
The reason is that the only numbers less than or equal to $n$ that are not relatively prime to $n$ are $p, 2 p, 3 p, \ldots q \cdot p$ and $q, 2 q, 3 q, \cdots(p-1) q$.
There are $q$ numbers in the first list and $p-1$ numbers in the second list. The set $\mathcal{P}(n)$ of numbers relatively prime to $n$ is the complement of these two lists, and it therefore has
$$
p q-q-(p-1)=p q-q-p+1=(p-1) \cdot(q-1) \equiv \varphi(n)
$$
elements.
A quantity of radioactive material decays. At the beginning of each week there is half as much as there was the previous week. The initial quantity is 5 grams. Use sequence notation to express the amount of material at the beginning of the $j$ th week.
Solution: The amount of radioactive material at the beginning of the second week is $5 / 2$ (half as much as the initial amount at the beginning of the first week). The amount at the beginning of the third week is 5/4. The amount at the beginning of the fourth week is $5 / 8$. And so forth.
As a result, according to the description, the amount of material at the start of the $j$ th week is
$$
a_j=5 \cdot\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{j-1}
$$
The sequence exhibits in an elegant way the process of radioactive decay: the first several values are
$$
5, \frac{5}{2}, \frac{5}{4}, \frac{5}{8}
$$
It is easy to see intuitively, or with a calculator, that the amount of radioactive material tends to 0 as time tends to $\infty$.
统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。
金融工程代写
金融工程是使用数学技术来解决金融问题。金融工程使用计算机科学、统计学、经济学和应用数学领域的工具和知识来解决当前的金融问题，以及设计新的和创新的金融产品。
非参数统计代写
非参数统计指的是一种统计方法，其中不假设数据来自于由少数参数决定的规定模型；这种模型的例子包括正态分布模型和线性回归模型。
广义线性模型代考
广义线性模型（GLM）归属统计学领域，是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。
术语 广义线性模型（GLM）通常是指给定连续和/或分类预测因素的连续响应变量的常规线性回归模型。它包括多元线性回归，以及方差分析和方差分析（仅含固定效应）。
有限元方法代写
有限元方法（FEM）是一种流行的方法，用于数值解决工程和数学建模中出现的微分方程。典型的问题领域包括结构分析、传热、流体流动、质量运输和电磁势等传统领域。
有限元是一种通用的数值方法，用于解决两个或三个空间变量的偏微分方程（即一些边界值问题）。为了解决一个问题，有限元将一个大系统细分为更小、更简单的部分，称为有限元。这是通过在空间维度上的特定空间离散化来实现的，它是通过构建对象的网格来实现的：用于求解的数值域，它有有限数量的点。边界值问题的有限元方法表述最终导致一个代数方程组。该方法在域上对未知函数进行逼近。[1] 然后将模拟这些有限元的简单方程组合成一个更大的方程系统，以模拟整个问题。然后，有限元通过变化微积分使相关的误差函数最小化来逼近一个解决方案。
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随机分析代写
随机微积分是数学的一个分支，对随机过程进行操作。它允许为随机过程的积分定义一个关于随机过程的一致的积分理论。这个领域是由日本数学家伊藤清在第二次世界大战期间创建并开始的。
时间序列分析代写
随机过程，是依赖于参数的一组随机变量的全体，参数通常是时间。 随机变量是随机现象的数量表现，其时间序列是一组按照时间发生先后顺序进行排列的数据点序列。通常一组时间序列的时间间隔为一恒定值（如1秒，5分钟，12小时，7天，1年），因此时间序列可以作为离散时间数据进行分析处理。研究时间序列数据的意义在于现实中，往往需要研究某个事物其随时间发展变化的规律。这就需要通过研究该事物过去发展的历史记录，以得到其自身发展的规律。
回归分析代写
多元回归分析渐进（Multiple Regression Analysis Asymptotics）属于计量经济学领域，主要是一种数学上的统计分析方法，可以分析复杂情况下各影响因素的数学关系，在自然科学、社会和经济学等多个领域内应用广泛。
MATLAB代写
MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习和应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。