经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|The Money Market and the Inflation Rate

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宏观经济学是经济学的一个分支,涉及整个经济或总体经济的结构、绩效、行为和决策。宏观经济研究的两个主要领域是长期经济增长和短期商业周期。

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  • Statistical Inference 统计推断
  • Statistical Computing 统计计算
  • Advanced Probability Theory 高等楖率论
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  • Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
  • Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础
What is Monetary Policy? | Explainer | Education | RBA
经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|The Money Market and the Inflation Rate

经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|The Money Market and the Inflation Rate

Money, like most goods and services, is traded in a market where supply and demand determine the amount of money that people and companies use. In this case, the money market does not necessarily need a physical place.
How is the demand for money determined? Economic agents need a certain amount of money to carry out their transactions; at the same time, keeping cash means losing the interest that money would earn if, for example, it were deposited in a savings account. These two factors determine how much money people and companies want to hold. Consequently, it is expected that there will be a relationship between the growth of money (i.e., the expansion of the amount of money in circulation, or monetary base) and the expansion of economic activity.

The money supply is determined by the emission of coins and banknotes for circulation. In general, countries have a central bank, a single official institution with legal authority to issue money. This institution receives different names in different countries: the Federal Reserve in

the United States (the Fed), the European Central Bank, the Bank of Japan, the Central Bank of the Argentine Republic, the Central Bank of Chile, or the Bank of Mexico, to name a few.

Until a few decades ago, in most countries the issuance of money was determined mainly by the supply of goods such as gold or silver. When paper money was used, it was usually backed by precious metals at a fixed rate.
Today, however, the money of a country is backed fundamentally by the confidence of economic agents in the “quality” of the issuer (the central bank). This confidence is only partially based on the reserves held by the central bank in gold and is mainly backed by other financial products, such as treasury bonds.

Money market equilibrium occurs when the supply of and the demand for money are matched. If such a balance is disturbed, for example if the central bank issues more money than economic agents wish to keep, the result is an excess supply of money. In a closed economy (one that does not carry out commercial or financial transactions with the rest of the world) or in an open economy with a free exchange rate, the money market equilibrium is restored by an increase in prices-in other words, inflation. Thus, changes in the money supply that are not demanded translate into higher prices. In most cases, high inflation occurs because the government finances its excess spending by printing more money.

经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|Today the money

This sort of situation highlights the importance of an autonomous central bank, so that the government is not permitted to manipulate the money supply to fit its financial needs. When a central bank is not autonomous, persistent fiscal deficits may lead to a constant growth of the money supply and high inflation rates, as will be discussed with further details in the next chapters. Managing the money supply is an important part of monetary policy.

经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|Monetary Policy

Monetary policy is the specific macroeconomic policy that the central bank (the monetary authority) uses to manage the money supply to maintain economic stability. An autonomous central bank is one that operates monetary policy without the intervention of the local government-or any other economic agent.

The central bank’s objective is to ensure the stability of the currency, which requires keeping inflation low and stable over time. The central bank must also promote the stability and efficiency of the financial system, ensuring the normal functioning of national and international payments. In achieving these objectives, the central bank contributes to laying the foundations for sustained economic growth by creating a predictable environment for decision-making.

To do this, most central banks mainly manage the interest rate by moving it upward or downward. When the objective is to increase the amount of money in circulation (or monetary base), it is called an expansionary monetary policy, and implies lowering the interest rate so that it becomes cheaper to borrow money and keeping money in a savings account is less attractive. A restrictive monetary policy aims to reduce the amount of money in circulation and implies raising the interest rate, making it more expensive to borrow money and increasing the incentives for saving.

Another means by which the central bank affects the amount of money in circulation (the monetary base) is through imposing liquidity requirements on private banks. These liquidity requirements are implemented mainly through the imposition of a reserve requirement, a minimum amount of reserves in cash that private banks must keep in their vaults. This restrains the amount of money private banks can lend to the public. A higher reserve requirement implies that banks can lend less money to the public because for every certain amount of money that is deposited in the bank, a higher fraction of it must be kept as a reserve and not lent to customers.

However, the monetary base is different from the money supply. Moreover, the monetary base, once determined by the central bank, is later “multiplied” by the actions of commercial banks and the public, which we call the money multiplier or multiplier effect. The money multiplier is greater when the same amount of money circulates more times in the economy and the smaller the reserve requirement. For example, let’s say the reserve requirement is 20 percent, and a bank receives a deposit for $\$ 100$. Then $\$ 20$ must be kept in reserve and the remaining $\$ 80$ may be lent to other bank customers. The $\$ 80$ may be then deposited by this third party. The bank into which the $\$ 80$ has been deposited must keep $\$ 16$ as a reserve and may lend out the remaining $\$ 64$. The cycle repeats: the $\$ 64$ may be deposited by another person into this (or another bank), out of which the bank must reserve $\$ 12.80$ and may lend $\$ 51.20$. To this point in the example we have accumulated a total of $\$ 244$ in deposits, created from an initial deposit of $\$ 100$. This is the multiplier effect: banks successively receive deposits, reserve what is required, and lend out to other customers.

Monetary and Fiscal Policy Interactions | Download Scientific Diagram
经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|The Money Market and the Inflation Rate

宏观经济学代考

经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|The Money Market and the Inflation Rate

与大多数商品和服务一样,货币在供需决定个人和公司使用的货币数量的市场中进行交易。在这种情况下,货币市场不一定需要实体场所。
货币需求是如何确定的?经济代理人需要一定数量的资金来进行交易;同时,保留现金意味着失去金钱所获得的利息,例如,如果将其存入储蓄账户。这两个因素决定了人们和公司想要持有多少资金。因此,预计货币增长(即流通中的货币数量或货币基础的扩张)与经济活动的扩张之间存在关系。

货币供应量由发行流通的硬币和纸币决定。一般来说,各国都有一个中央银行,一个具有发行货币的法定权力的单一官方机构。这个机构在不同的国家有不同的名字:美联储在

美国(美联储)、欧洲中央银行、日本银行、阿根廷共和国中央银行、智利中央银行或墨西哥银行等等。

直到几十年前,大多数国家的货币发行主要取决于黄金或白银等商品的供应。当使用纸币时,它通常由贵金属以固定利率支持。
然而,今天,一个国家的货币从根本上得到经济主体对发行人(中央银行)“质量”的信心的支持。这种信心仅部分基于央行持有的黄金储备,主要由其他金融产品支持,如国债。

当货币的供给和需求匹配时,就会出现货币市场均衡。如果这种平衡被破坏,例如,如果中央银行发行的货币比经济主体希望保留的多,结果就是货币供应过剩。在封闭经济(不与世界其他地区进行商业或金融交易)或自由汇率的开放经济中,货币市场均衡通过物价上涨恢复——换句话说,通货膨胀. 因此,没有需求的货币供应量变化转化为更高的价格。在大多数情况下,高通胀的发生是因为政府通过印更多的钱来为其过度支出提供资金。

经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|Today the money

这种情况凸显了自治中央银行的重要性,因此不允许政府操纵货币供应以满足其金融需求。当中央银行不具有自主权时,持续的财政赤字可能导致货币供应量的持续增长和高通胀率,这将在下一章中进一步详细讨论。管理货币供应量是货币政策的重要组成部分。

经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考|Monetary Policy

货币政策是中央银行(货币当局)用来管理货币供应量以维持经济稳定的具体宏观经济政策。自治中央银行是在没有地方政府或任何其他经济主体干预的情况下实施货币政策的中央银行。

中央银行的目标是确保货币的稳定,这需要长期保持低通胀和稳定。中央银行还必须促进金融体系的稳定性和效率,确保国内和国际支付的正常运作。在实现这些目标时,中央银行通过为决策创造可预测的环境,为持续经济增长奠定基础。

为此,大多数中央银行主要通过向上或向下移动利率来管理利率。当目标是增加流通中的货币数量(或基础货币)时,它被称为扩张性货币政策,意味着降低利率,使借钱变得更便宜,将钱存入储蓄账户的吸引力降低. 限制性货币政策旨在减少流通中的货币数量,并意味着提高利率,使借贷成本更高,并增加储蓄的动机。

中央银行影响流通中的货币数量(基础货币)的另一种方式是对私人银行施加流动性要求。这些流动性要求主要通过实施准备金要求来实施,这是私人银行必须在其金库中保存的最低现金准备金。这限制了私人银行可以借给公众的金额。较高的准备金要求意味着银行可以向公众放贷更少的钱,因为对于存入银行的每一笔资金,其中较高的一部分必须作为准备金保留,而不是借给客户。

但是,货币基础不同于货币供应量。而且,货币基础曾经由央行决定,后来被商业银行和公众的行为“倍增”,我们称之为货币乘数或乘数效应。当相同数量的货币在经济中流通的次数越多且准备金要求越低时,货币乘数就越大。例如,假设准备金要求为 20%,银行收到一笔存款$100. 然后$20必须保留,其余的$80可以借给其他银行客户。这$80然后可以由该第三方存放。入驻的银行$80已存入必须保留$16作为储备,可以借出剩余的$64. 循环重复:$64可能由另一个人存入这家(或另一家银行),银行必须从中保留$12.80并且可以借出$51.20. 至此,示例中我们总共积累了$244在存款中,由初始存款创建$100. 这就是乘数效应:银行接连收到存款,储备所需的东西,然后借给其他客户。

经济代写|宏观经济学作业代写Macroeconomics代考 请认准statistics-lab™

统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。

随机过程代考

在概率论概念中,随机过程随机变量的集合。 若一随机系统的样本点是随机函数,则称此函数为样本函数,这一随机系统全部样本函数的集合是一个随机过程。 实际应用中,样本函数的一般定义在时间域或者空间域。 随机过程的实例如股票和汇率的波动、语音信号、视频信号、体温的变化,随机运动如布朗运动、随机徘徊等等。

贝叶斯方法代考

贝叶斯统计概念及数据分析表示使用概率陈述回答有关未知参数的研究问题以及统计范式。后验分布包括关于参数的先验分布,和基于观测数据提供关于参数的信息似然模型。根据选择的先验分布和似然模型,后验分布可以解析或近似,例如,马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗 (MCMC) 方法之一。贝叶斯统计概念及数据分析使用后验分布来形成模型参数的各种摘要,包括点估计,如后验平均值、中位数、百分位数和称为可信区间的区间估计。此外,所有关于模型参数的统计检验都可以表示为基于估计后验分布的概率报表。

广义线性模型代考

广义线性模型(GLM)归属统计学领域,是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。

statistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构,多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务,包括但不限于Essay代写,Assignment代写,Dissertation代写,Report代写,小组作业代写,Proposal代写,Paper代写,Presentation代写,计算机作业代写,论文修改和润色,网课代做,exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中,本科,研究生等海外留学全阶段,辐射金融,经济学,会计学,审计学,管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者,也有海外名校硕博留学生,每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力,专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创,100%专业,100%准时,100%满意。

机器学习代写

随着AI的大潮到来,Machine Learning逐渐成为一个新的学习热点。同时与传统CS相比,Machine Learning在其他领域也有着广泛的应用,因此这门学科成为不仅折磨CS专业同学的“小恶魔”,也是折磨生物、化学、统计等其他学科留学生的“大魔王”。学习Machine learning的一大绊脚石在于使用语言众多,跨学科范围广,所以学习起来尤其困难。但是不管你在学习Machine Learning时遇到任何难题,StudyGate专业导师团队都能为你轻松解决。

多元统计分析代考


基础数据: $N$ 个样本, $P$ 个变量数的单样本,组成的横列的数据表
变量定性: 分类和顺序;变量定量:数值
数学公式的角度分为: 因变量与自变量

时间序列分析代写

随机过程,是依赖于参数的一组随机变量的全体,参数通常是时间。 随机变量是随机现象的数量表现,其时间序列是一组按照时间发生先后顺序进行排列的数据点序列。通常一组时间序列的时间间隔为一恒定值(如1秒,5分钟,12小时,7天,1年),因此时间序列可以作为离散时间数据进行分析处理。研究时间序列数据的意义在于现实中,往往需要研究某个事物其随时间发展变化的规律。这就需要通过研究该事物过去发展的历史记录,以得到其自身发展的规律。

回归分析代写

多元回归分析渐进(Multiple Regression Analysis Asymptotics)属于计量经济学领域,主要是一种数学上的统计分析方法,可以分析复杂情况下各影响因素的数学关系,在自然科学、社会和经济学等多个领域内应用广泛。

MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

R语言代写问卷设计与分析代写
PYTHON代写回归分析与线性模型代写
MATLAB代写方差分析与试验设计代写
STATA代写机器学习/统计学习代写
SPSS代写计量经济学代写
EVIEWS代写时间序列分析代写
EXCEL代写深度学习代写
SQL代写各种数据建模与可视化代写

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