## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|MAST90019

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale代写方面经验极为丰富，各种离散时间鞅理论martingale相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

Central Limit Theorems for martingales can be found in many textbooks, Billingsley (1995); Durrett (1996); Ethier and Kurtz (1986); Varadhan (2001), for instance. We refer to Whitt (2007) for a recent account.

To our knowledge, the first central limit theorem for Markov chains goes back to Doeblin (1938) who reduced the problem to the case of independent identically distributed random variables. We refer to Nagaev (1957) for a proof along the line of Doeblin’s idea. Gordin (1969) and Gordin and Lifšic (1978) showed that
$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} V\left(X_{j}\right)$$
converges to a mean zero Gaussian random variable if $V$ belongs to the range of the operator $I-P$ in $L^{2}(\pi)$. Lawler (1982) proved an invariance principle for a Markov chain in random environment.

Kozlov (1985) and Kipnis and Varadhan (1986) proposed independently a general method to prove central limit theorems for additive functionals of Markov chains from martingale central limit theorems. The approach presented here follows Kipnis and Varadhan (1986). This seminal paper has been the starting point of much research on asymptotic normality of additive functionals of ergodic Markov chains which is reviewed in the following chapters. De Masi et al. (1989) and Goldstein (1995) considered anti-symmetric additive functionals of reversible Markov chains. Maxwell and Woodroofe $(2000)$ proved that the sequence (1.27) is asymptotically normal for stationary ergodic Markov chains $\left{X_{j}: j \geq 0\right}$ provided $V$ has mean zero with respect to the stationary measure $\pi$ and
$$\sum_{n \geq 1} n^{-3 / 2}\left|\sum_{j=0}^{n-1} P^{j} V\right|<\infty$$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Central Limit Theorem for Continuous Time Martingales

On a probability space $(\Omega, \mathbb{P}, \mathscr{F})$ consider a right continuous, square-integrable martingale $\left{M_{t}: t \geq 0\right}$ with respect to a given filtration $\left{\mathscr{F}{t}: t \geq 0\right}$ satisfying the usual conditions. We refer to Jacod and Shiryaev (1987) for the terminology adopted and some elementary properties of martingales used without further comments. Assume that $M{0}=0$ and denote by $\langle M, M\rangle_{t}$ its predictable quadratic variation. Denote by $\mathbb{E}$ expectation with respect to $\mathbb{P}$.

Theorem 2.1 Assume that the increments of the martingale $M_{t}$ are stationary: for every $t \geq 0, n \geq 1$ and $0 \leq s_{0}<\cdots<s_{n}$, the random vectors $\left(M_{s_{1}}-M_{s_{0}}, \ldots, M_{s_{n}}-\right.$ $\left.M_{s_{n-1}}\right),\left(M_{t+s_{1}}-M_{t+s_{0}}, \ldots, M_{t+s_{n}}-M_{t+s_{n-1}}\right)$ have the same distribution. Assume also that the predictable quadratic variation converges in $L^{1}(\mathbb{P})$ to $\sigma^{2}=\mathbb{E} M_{1}^{2}$ :
$$\lim {n \rightarrow \infty} \mathbb{E}\left|\frac{\langle M, M\rangle{n}}{n}-\sigma^{2}\right|=0 .$$
Then, the distribution of $M_{t} / \sqrt{t}$ conditioned on $\mathscr{F}{0}$ converges in probability, as $t \uparrow \infty$, to a mean zero Gaussian law with variance $\sigma^{2}$ : $$\lim {t \rightarrow \infty} \mathbb{E}\left[\left|\mathbb{E}\left[e^{i \theta M_{t} / \sqrt{t}} \mid \mathscr{F}{0}\right]-e^{-\sigma^{2} \theta^{2} / 2}\right|\right]=0$$ for all $\theta$ in $\mathbb{R}$. The proof of this theorem relies on the next lemma which reduces the problem to proving the central limit theorem for integer times. Lemma 2.2 Under the assumptions of Theorem 2.1, $$\lim {n \rightarrow \infty} \mathbb{E}\left[\sup {n \leq t \leq n+1}\left|\mathbb{E}\left[e^{i \theta M{t} / \sqrt{t}} \mid \mathscr{F}{0}\right]-\mathbb{E}\left[e^{i \theta M{n} / \sqrt{n}} \mid \mathscr{F}{0}\right]\right|\right]=0$$ Proof The difference of conditional expectations appearing in the statement of the lemma equals $$\mathbb{E}\left[\left(\exp \left{i \theta\left[M{t} / \sqrt{t}-M_{n} / \sqrt{n}\right]\right}-1\right) e^{i \theta M_{n} / \sqrt{n}} \mid \mathscr{F}_{0}\right] .$$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|The Resolvent Equation

Fix a function $V$ in $L^{2}(\pi) \cap \mathscr{H}{-1}, \lambda>0$ and consider the resolvent equation $$\lambda f{\lambda}-L f_{\lambda}-V$$
Note that $f_{\lambda}=(\lambda-L)^{-1} V$ belongs to the domain of the generator $L$. Taking the scalar product with respect to $f_{\lambda}$ on both sides of this equation we get that
$$\lambda\left\langle f_{\lambda}, f_{\lambda}\right\rangle_{\pi}+\left|f_{\lambda}\right|_{1}^{2}=\left\langle V, f_{\lambda}\right\rangle_{\pi}$$

Hence, by Schwarz inequality ( $2.9)$,
$$\lambda\left\langle f_{\lambda}, f_{\lambda}\right\rangle_{\pi}+\left|f_{\lambda}\right|_{1}^{2} \leq\left|f_{\lambda}\right|_{1}|V|_{-1}$$
so that $\left|f_{\lambda}\right|_{1} \leq|V|_{-1}$. Combining the two previous bounds we easily obtain the stronger estimate
$$\lambda\left\langle f_{\lambda}, f_{\lambda}\right\rangle_{\pi}+\left|f_{\lambda}\right|_{1}^{2} \leq|V|_{-1}^{2} .$$
From the above estimate we conclude that $\lambda f_{\lambda}$ vanishes in $L^{2}(\pi)$ as $\lambda \downarrow 0$ and that $\left{f_{\lambda}: 0<\lambda \leq 1\right}$ forms a bounded sequence in $\mathscr{H}_{1}$ and is therefore weakly precompact.

Another simple consequence of $(2.15)$ is that $(\lambda-L)^{-1}$ extends to a bounded mapping from $\mathscr{H}{-1}$ to $\mathscr{H}{1}$ :

Lemma 2.3 The operator $(\lambda-L)^{-1}$ extends from $L^{2}(\pi)$ to a bounded mapping from $\mathscr{H}{-1}$ to $\mathscr{H}{1}$. Moreover, for any $V \in \mathscr{H}{-1}$ we have $$\left|(\lambda-L)^{-1} V\right|{1} \leq|V|_{-1}$$
We wish to formulate sufficient conditions for the central limit theorem of $t^{-1 / 2} \int_{0}^{t} V\left(X_{s}\right) d s$ in terms of the asymptotic behavior, as $\lambda \downarrow 0$, of the solutions $f_{\lambda}$ of the resolvent equation (2.13). We first observe in Sect. $2.5$ that the condition $V \in \mathscr{H}{-1}$ guarantees that the $L^{2}\left(\mathbb{P}{\pi}\right)$ norm of $t^{-1 / 2} \int_{0}^{t} V\left(X_{s}\right) d s$ remains bounded for large $t$. Next, in Theorem 2.7, we show that a central limit theorem is valid, provided the following two conditions are satisfied:
$$\lim {\lambda \rightarrow 0} \lambda\left|f{\lambda}\right|_{\pi}^{2}=0 \quad \text { and } \quad \lim {\lambda \rightarrow 0}\left|f{\lambda}-f\right|_{1}=0$$
for some $f$ in $\mathscr{H}{1}$. In Theorem $2.14$, we prove that the bound $\sup {0<\lambda \leq 1}\left|L f_{\lambda}\right|_{-1}<\infty$ implies the previous two conditions. Therefore, a central limit theorem holds if $\sup {0<\lambda \leq 1}\left|L f{\lambda}\right|_{-1}<+\infty$.

## 离散时间鞅理论代考

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} V\left(X_{j}\right)$$

Kozlov (1985) 和 Kipnis 和 Varadhan (1986) 分别提出了一种通用方法，用于从鞅中心极限定理证明马尔可夫链的 加性泛函的中心极限定理。这里介绍的方法遒循 Kipnis 和 Varadhan (1986)。这篇开创性的论文是对遍历马尔可夫 链的加性泛函的渐近正态性进行大量研究的起点，后续章节将对此进行回顾。德马西等人。(1989) 和 Goldstein (1995) 考虑了可逆马尔可夫链的反对称加性泛函。麦克斯韦和伍德屋顶(2000)证明了序列 (1.27) 对于静止遍历马 尔可夫链是渐近正态的 Veft {X_{j}: \geq O\right } 假如 $V$ 相对于静止测量的平均值为零 $\pi$ 和
$$\sum_{n \geq 1} n^{-3 / 2}\left|\sum_{j=0}^{n-1} P^{j} V\right|<\infty$$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Central Limit Theorem for Continuous Time Martingales

$\mathrm{~ V e f t { \ m a t h s c r { F } { t : ~ t ~ \ g e q ~ O \ r i g h t } ~ 满 足 一 般 条 件 。 我 们 参 考 了 J a c o d ~ 和}$ 鞅的一些基本性质，没有进一步的评论。假使，假设 $M 0=0$ 并表示为 $\langle M, M\rangle_{t}$ 其可预测的二次变化。表示为 $\mathbb{E}$ 关于期望 $\mathbb{P}$.

$$\lim n \rightarrow \infty \mathbb{E}\left|\frac{\langle M, M\rangle n}{n}-\sigma^{2}\right|=0$$

$$\lim t \rightarrow \infty \mathbb{E}\left[\left|\mathbb{E}\left[e^{i \theta M_{t} / \sqrt{t}} \mid \mathscr{F} 0\right]-e^{-\sigma^{2} \theta^{2} / 2}\right|\right]=0$$

$$\lim n \rightarrow \infty \mathbb{E}\left[\sup n \leq t \leq n+1\left|\mathbb{E}\left[e^{i \theta M t / \sqrt{t}} \mid \mathscr{F} 0\right]-\mathbb{E}\left[e^{i \theta M n / \sqrt{n}} \mid \mathscr{F} 0\right]\right|\right]=0$$

\mathbb ${$ E $} \backslash$ left[Veft(\exp \left{i \theta $\backslash \mathrm{~ e f t}$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|The Resolvent Equation

$$\lambda f \lambda-L f_{\lambda}-V$$

$$\lambda\left\langle f_{\lambda}, f_{\lambda}\right\rangle_{\pi}+\left|f_{\lambda}\right|{1}^{2}=\left\langle V, f{\lambda}\right\rangle_{\pi}$$

$$\lambda\left\langle f_{\lambda}, f_{\lambda}\right\rangle_{\pi}+\left|f_{\lambda}\right|{1}^{2} \leq\left|f{\lambda}\right|{1}|V|{-1}$$

$$\lambda\left\langle f_{\lambda}, f_{\lambda}\right\rangle_{\pi}+\left|f_{\lambda}\right|{1}^{2} \leq|V|{-1}^{2} .$$

$$\lim \lambda \rightarrow 0 \lambda|f \lambda|{\pi}^{2}=0 \quad \text { and } \quad \lim \lambda \rightarrow 0|f \lambda-f|{1}=0$$

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

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MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|STAT4528

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale代写方面经验极为丰富，各种离散时间鞅理论martingale相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Central Limit Theorem for Martingales

Fix a probability space $(\Omega, \mathscr{F}, \mathbb{P})$ and an increasing filtration $\left{\mathscr{F}{j}: j \geq 0\right}$. Denote by $\mathbb{E}$ the expectation with respect to the probability measure $\mathbb{P}$. Let $\left{Z{j}: j \geq 1\right}$ be a stationary and ergodic sequence of random variables adapted to the filtration $\left{\mathscr{F}{j}\right}$ and such that $$\mathbb{E}\left[Z{1}^{2}\right]<\infty, \quad \mathbb{E}\left[Z_{j+1} \mid \mathscr{F}{j}\right]=0, \quad j \geq 0 .$$ The variables $\left{Z{j}: j \geq 1\right}$ are usually called martingale differences because the process $\left{M_{j}: j \geq 0\right}$ defined as $M_{0}:=0, M_{j}:=\sum_{1 \leq k \leq j} Z_{k}, j \geq 1$, is a zero-mean, square integrable martingale with respect to the filtration $\left{\mathscr{F}_{j}: j \geq 0\right}$.

Theorem 1.2 Let $\left{Z_{j}: j \geq 1\right}$ be a sequence of stationary, ergodic random variables satisfying (1.10). Then, $N^{-1 / 2} \sum_{1 \leq j \leq N} Z_{j}$ converges in distribution, as $N \uparrow \infty$, to a Gaussian law with zero mean and variance $\sigma^{2}=\mathbb{E}\left[Z_{1}^{2}\right]$.

Proof If one assumes that the martingale differences $\left{Z_{j}\right}$ are bounded, the proof is elementary and follows from the ergodic assumption. Suppose therefore that $\left|Z_{1}\right| \leq$ $C_{0}, \mathbb{P}$-a.s. for some finite constant $C_{0}$.

We first build exponential martingales. Since $\left{Z_{j}\right}$ are martingale differences, $\mathbb{E}\left[\sum_{j+1 \leq k \leq j+K} Z_{k} \mid \mathscr{F}{j}\right]=0$ for all $j \geq 0, K \geq 1$. Therefore, since $\left|e^{i x}-1-i x\right| \leq$ $x^{2} / 2, x \in \mathbb{R}$, subtracting $\mathbb{E}\left[i \theta \sum{j+1 \leq k \leq j+K} Z_{k} \mid \mathscr{F}{j}\right]$ from the expression on the lefthand side in the next formula we obtain that $$\left|\mathbb{E}\left[\exp \left{i \theta \sum{k=j+1}^{j+K} Z_{k}\right} \mid \mathscr{F}{j}\right]-1\right| \leq \frac{\theta^{2}}{2} \mathbb{E}\left[\left(\sum{k=j+1}^{j+K} Z_{k}\right)^{2} \mid \mathscr{F}_{j}\right]$$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Time-Variance in Reversible Markov Chains

In this section, we examine the asymptotic behavior of the variance of
$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} V\left(X_{j}\right)$$
for square integrable functions $V$ in the context of reversible Markov chains. Reversibility with respect to $\pi$ means that $P$ is a symmetric operator in $L^{2}(\pi)$ :
$$\langle P f, g\rangle_{\pi}=\langle f, P g\rangle_{\pi}$$
for all $f, g$ in $L^{2}(\pi)$. It is easy to check that a probability measure $\pi$ is reversible if and only if it satisfies the detailed balance condition:
$$\pi(x) P(x, y)=\pi(y) P(y, x)$$
for all $x, y$ in $E$, which means that
$$\mathbb{P}{\pi}\left[X{n}=x, X_{n+1}=y\right]=\mathbb{P}{\pi}\left[X{n}=y, X_{n+1}=x\right]$$
A reversible measure is necessarily invariant since
$$(\pi P)(x)=\sum_{y \in E} \pi(y) P(y, x)=\sum_{y \in E} \pi(x) P(x, y)=\pi(x) .$$
In this section, we prove that the following limit exists:
$$\sigma^{2}(V)=\lim {N \rightarrow \infty} \mathbb{E}{\pi}\left[\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} V\left(X_{J}\right)\right)^{2}\right]$$
where we admit $+\infty$ as a possible value, and we find necessary and sufficient conditions for $\sigma^{2}(V)$ to be finite. We also introduce Hilbert spaces associated to the transition operator $P$ which will play a central role in the following chapters.

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Central Limit Theorem for Reversible Markov Chains

In this section, we prove a central limit theorem for additive functionals of reversible Markov chains. Fix a zero-mean function $V$ in $L^{2}(\pi)$. We have seen in the beginning of this chapter that a central limit theorem for the additive functional $N^{-1 / 2} \sum_{0 \leq j<N} V\left(X_{j}\right)$ follows easily from a central limit theorem for martingales if $V$ belongs to the range of $I-P$, i.e., if there is a solution in $L^{2}(\pi)$ of the Poisson equation $(I-P) f=V$. This assumption is too strong and should be relaxed. A natural condition to impose on $V$ is to require that its time-variance $\sigma^{2}(V)$ is finite. In this case we may try to repeat the approach presented in the beginning of the chapter replacing the solution of the Poisson equation $(I-P) f=V$, which may not exist, by the solution $f_{\lambda}$ of the resolvent equation $\lambda f_{\lambda}+(I-P) f_{\lambda}=V$ which always exists.

Fix therefore a zero-mean function $V$ and assume that its variance $\sigma^{2}(V)$ is finite. Let $f_{\lambda}$ be the solution of the resolvent equation (1.16). For $N \geq 1$,
\begin{aligned} \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} V\left(X_{j}\right) &=\lambda \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} f_{\lambda}\left(X_{j}\right)+\sum_{j=0}^{N-1}\left{f_{\lambda}\left(X_{j}\right)-\left(P f_{\lambda}\right)\left(X_{j}\right)\right} \ &=M_{N}^{\lambda}+f_{\lambda}\left(X_{0}\right)-f_{\lambda}\left(X_{N}\right)+\lambda \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} f_{\lambda}\left(X_{j}\right) \end{aligned}
where $\left{M_{N}^{\lambda}: N \geq 0\right}$ is the martingale with respect to the filtration $\left{\mathscr{F}{j}: j \geq 0\right}$, $\mathscr{F}{j}=\sigma\left(X_{0}, \ldots, X_{j}\right)$, defined by $M_{0}^{\lambda}:=0$,
$$M_{N}^{\lambda}:=\sum_{j=1}^{N} Z_{j}^{\lambda}$$
for $Z_{j}^{\lambda}=f_{\lambda}\left(X_{j}\right)-\left(P f_{\lambda}\right)\left(X_{j-1}\right)$ for $j \geq 1$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Central Limit Theorem for Martingales

$\mathrm{~ 让 ~ U l e f t { Z { j } : ~ j g e q ~ 1 | r i g h t } ~ 是 适 应 过 滤 的 随 机 变 量 的 平 稳 和 遍 历 序 列 【 V e f t {}$
$$\mathbb{E}\left[Z 1^{2}\right]<\infty, \quad \mathbb{E}\left[Z_{j+1} \mid \mathscr{F} j\right]=0, \quad j \geq 0 .$$

$M_{0}:=0, M_{j}:=\sum_{1 \leq k \leq j} Z_{k}, j \geq 1 \mathrm{~ , ~ 是 关 于 过 滤 的 零 均 值 平 方 可 积 䩗 祥 ⿰}$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Time-Variance in Reversible Markov Chains

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} V\left(X_{j}\right)$$

$$\langle P f, g\rangle_{\pi}=\langle f, P g\rangle_{\pi}$$

$$\pi(x) P(x, y)=\pi(y) P(y, x)$$

$$\mathbb{P} \pi\left[X n=x, X_{n+1}=y\right]=\mathbb{P} \pi\left[X n=y, X_{n+1}=x\right]$$

$$(\pi P)(x)=\sum_{y \in E} \pi(y) P(y, x)=\sum_{y \in E} \pi(x) P(x, y)=\pi(x)$$

$$\sigma^{2}(V)=\lim N \rightarrow \infty \mathbb{E} \pi\left[\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} V\left(X_{J}\right)\right)^{2}\right]$$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Central Limit Theorem for Reversible Markov Chains

\begin{对斉 } } \mathrm { ~ \ s u m _ { j = 0 } ^ { N – 1 } ~ V
$\mathrm{~ 在 哪 里 ~ \ l e f t { M _ { N } ^ { N l a m b d a } : ~ N ~ I g e q ~ O \ r i g h t ~}$
$\mathscr{F} j=\sigma\left(X_{0}, \ldots, X_{j}\right)$ ， 被定义为 $M_{0}^{\lambda}:=0$ ，
$$M_{N}^{\lambda}:=\sum_{j=1}^{N} Z_{j}^{\lambda}$$

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|STAT4061

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale代写方面经验极为丰富，各种离散时间鞅理论martingale相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|A Warming-Up Example

The purpose of this chapter is to present, in the simplest possible context, some of the ideas that will appear recurrently in this book. We assume that the reader is familiar with the basic theory of Markov chains (e.g. Chap. 7 of Breiman 1968 or Chap. 5 of Durrett 1996) and with the spectral theory of bounded symmetric operators (Sect. 107 in Riesz and Sz.-Nagy 1990, Sect. XI.6 in Yosida 1995).

Consider a Markov chain $\left{X_{j}: j \geq 0\right}$ on a countable state space $E$, stationary and ergodic with respect to a probability measure $\pi$. The problem is to find necessary and sufficient conditions on a function $V: E \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ to guarantee a central limit theorem for
$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} V\left(X_{j}\right)$$
We assume that $E_{\pi}[V]=0$, where $E_{\pi}$ stands for the expectation with respect to the probability measure $\pi$. The idea is to relate this question to the well-known martingale central limit theorems.

Denote by $P$ the transition probability of the Markov chain and fix a function $V$ in $L^{2}(\pi)$, the space of functions $f: E \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ square integrable with respect to $\pi$. Assume the existence of a solution of the Poisson equation
$$V=(I-P) f$$
for some function $f$ in $L^{2}(\pi)$, where $I$ stands for the identity. For $j \geq 1$, let
$$Z_{. j}=f\left(X_{j}\right)-(P f)\left(X_{j-1}\right) .$$
It is easy to check that $M_{0}=0, M_{N}=\sum_{1 \leq j \leq N} Z_{j}, N \geq 1$, is a martingale with respect to the filtration $\left{F_{j}: j \geq 0\right}, F_{j}=\sigma\left(X_{0}, \ldots, X_{j}\right)$, and that
$$\sum_{j=0}^{N-1} V\left(X_{j}\right)=M_{N}-f\left(X_{N}\right)+f\left(X_{0}\right)$$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Ergodic Markov Chains

In this section, we present some elementary results on Markov chains. Fix a countable state space $E$ and a transition probability function $P: E \times E \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ :
$$P(x, y) \geq 0, \quad x, y \in E, \quad \sum_{y \in E} P(x, y)=1, \quad x \in E$$
A sequence of random variables $\left{X_{j}: j \geq 0\right}$ defined on some probability space $(\Omega, \mathscr{F}, \mathbb{P})$ and taking values in $E$ is a time-homogeneous Markov chain on $E$ if
$$\mathbb{P}\left[X_{j+1}=y \mid X_{j}, \ldots, X_{0}\right]=P\left(X_{j}, y\right)$$ for all $j \geq 0, y$ in E. $P(x, y)$ is called the probability of jump from $x$ to $y$ in one step. Notice that it does not depend on time, which explains the terminology of a time-homogeneous chain. The law of $X_{0}$ is called the initial state of the chain.
Assume furthermore that on $(\Omega, \mathscr{F})$ we are given a family of measures $\mathbb{P}{z}$, $z \in E$, each satisfying (1.5) and such that $\mathbb{P}{x}\left[X_{0}=x\right]=1$. We call it a Markov family that corresponds to the transition probabilities $P(\cdot, \cdot)$. For a given probability measure $\mu$ on $E$, let $\mathbb{P}{\mu}=\sum{x \in E} \mu(x) \mathbb{P}{x}$. Observe that $\mu$ is the initial state of the chain under $\mathbb{P}{\mu}$. We shall denote by $\mathbb{E}{\mu}$ the expectation with respect to that measure and by $\mathbb{E}{x}$ the expectation with respect to $\mathbb{P}_{x}$.

The transition probability $P$ can be considered as an operator on $C_{b}(E)$, the space of (continuous) bounded functions on $E$. In this case, for $f$ in $C_{b}(E)$, $P f: E \rightarrow E$ is defined by
$$(P f)(x)=\sum_{y \in E} P(x, y) f(y)=\mathbb{E}\left[f\left(X_{1}\right) \mid X_{0}=x\right] .$$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Almost Sure Central Limit Theorem for Ergodic Markov Chains

Consider a time-homogeneous irreducible (or indecomposable in the terminology of Breiman 1968) Markov chain $\left{X_{j}: j \geq 0\right}$ on a countable state space $E$ with transition probability function $P: E \times E \rightarrow \mathbb{R}{+}$. Assume that there exists a stationary probability measure, denoted by $\pi$. By (Breiman, 1968 , Theorem $7.16$ ), $\pi$ is unique and ergodic. In particular, for any bounded function $g: E \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ and any $x$ in $E$, $$\lim {N \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{N} \sum_{j=0}^{N-1}\left(P^{j} g\right)(x)=E_{\pi}\lfloor g\rfloor .$$
Fix a function $V: E \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ in $L^{2}(\pi)$ which has mean zero with respect to $\pi$. In this section, we prove a central limit theorem for the sequence $N^{-1 / 2} \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} V\left(X_{j}\right)$ assuming that the solution of the Poisson equation (1.2) belongs to $L^{2}(\pi)$. Under this hypothesis we obtain a central limit theorem which holds $\pi$-a.s. with respect to the initial state.

Theorem 1.1 Fix a function $V: E \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ in $L^{2}(\pi)$ which has mean zero with respect to $\pi$. Assume that there exists a solution $f$ in $L^{2}(\pi)$ of the Poisson equation (1.2).

Then, for all $x$ in $E$, as $N \uparrow \infty$,
$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} V\left(X_{j}\right)$$
converges in $\mathbb{I}{X}$ distribution to a mean zero Gaussian random variable with variance $\sigma^{2}(V)=E{\pi}\left[f^{2}\right]-E_{\pi}\left[(P f)^{2}\right]$

Proof Fix a mean zero function $V$ in $L^{2}(\pi)$ and an initial state $x$ in $E$. By assumption, there exists a solution $f$ in $L^{2}(\pi)$ of the Poisson equation (1.2). Consider the sequence $\left{Z_{j}: j \geq 1\right}$ of random variables defined by
$$Z_{j}=f\left(X_{j}\right)-P f\left(X_{j-1}\right)$$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|A Warming-Up Example

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} V\left(X_{j}\right)$$

$$V=(I-P) f$$

$$Z_{. j}=f\left(X_{j}\right)-(P f)\left(X_{j-1}\right) .$$

$\mathrm{~ L e f t { F _ { j } : ~ j ~ l g e q ~ O \ r i g h t } , ~ F _ { j } = I s i g m a l l e f t ( X _ { 0 } , ~ I d o t s , ~ X _ { j }}$
$$\sum_{j=0}^{N-1} V\left(X_{j}\right)=M_{N}-f\left(X_{N}\right)+f\left(X_{0}\right)$$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Ergodic Markov Chains

$$P(x, y) \geq 0, \quad x, y \in E, \quad \sum_{y \in E} P(x, y)=1, \quad x \in E$$

$$\mathbb{P}\left[X_{j+1}=y \mid X_{j}, \ldots, X_{0}\right]=P\left(X_{j}, y\right)$$

$$(P f)(x)=\sum_{y \in E} P(x, y) f(y)=\mathbb{E}\left[f\left(X_{1}\right) \mid X_{0}=x\right]$$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Almost Sure Central Limit Theorem for Ergodic Markov Chains

$$\lim N \rightarrow \infty \frac{1}{N} \sum_{j=0}^{N-1}\left(P^{j} g\right)(x)=E_{\pi}\lfloor g\rfloor .$$

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} V\left(X_{j}\right)$$

$$Z_{j}=f\left(X_{j}\right)-\operatorname{Pf}\left(X_{j-1}\right)$$

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Model-independent options

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale代写方面经验极为丰富，各种离散时间鞅理论martingale相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Probabilistic setup

This chapter requires some basic knowledge in stochastic analysis (not so much, mainly stochastic integration and Itô’s formula).

As in Chapter 2, we assume a zero interest rate (non-zero rates are briefly considered in Section 3.3.4). The price of an asset at time $t,\left(S_{t}\right){t \in[0, T]}$, will be modeled by a continuous semi-martingales. The semi-martingale property is imposed as we want to give a meaning to the limit when $n \rightarrow \infty$ of the discrete delta-hedging $$\sum{t_{0}=0}^{T} H_{t_{i}}\left(S_{t_{i+1}}-S_{t_{i}}\right) \stackrel{n \rightarrow \infty}{\longrightarrow} \int_{0}^{T} H_{t} d S_{t}$$
Good integrator processes are precisely provided by semi-martingales. Below, we describe our probabilistic framework.

Let $\Omega \equiv\left{\omega \in C\left([0, T], \mathbb{R}{+}\right): \omega{0}=0\right}$ be the canonical space equipped with the uniform norm $|\omega|_{\infty} \equiv \sup {0 \leq t \leq T}|\omega(t)|, B$ the canonical process, i.e., $B{t}(\omega) \equiv \omega(t)$ and $\mathcal{F} \equiv\left{\mathcal{F}{t}\right}{0 \leq t \leq T}$ the filtration generated by $B$ : $\mathcal{F}{t}=$ $\sigma\left{B{s}, s \leq t\right} . \mathbb{P O}$ is the Wiener measure. $S_{0}$ is some given initial value in $\mathbb{R}{+}$, and we denote $$S{t} \equiv S_{0}+B_{t} \text { for } t \in[0, T] .$$
For any $\mathcal{F}$-adapted process $\sigma$ and satisfying $\int_{0}^{T} \sigma_{s}^{2} d s<\infty, \mathbb{P}^{0}$-a.s., we define the probability measure on $(\Omega, \mathcal{F})$ :
$$\mathbb{P}^{\sigma} \equiv \mathbb{P}^{0} \circ\left(S^{\sigma}\right)^{-1} \text { where } S_{t}^{\sigma} \equiv S_{0}+\int_{0}^{t} \sigma_{r} d B_{r}, t \in[0, T], \mathbb{P}^{0}-\text { a.s. }$$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Variance swaps

It is well-known that the process $\ln S_{t}+\frac{1}{2}\langle\ln S\rangle_{t}$ is a martingale. As an important consequence in finance, this leads to the exact replication of a

variance swap (within the class $\mathcal{M}^{c}$ ) in terms of a log-contract. A discretemonitoring variance swap pays at a maturity $T$ the sum of daily squared log-returns, mainly
$$\frac{1}{T} \sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\left(\ln \frac{S_{t_{i+1}}}{S_{t_{i}}}\right)^{2}, \quad t_{0}=0, \quad t_{n}=T$$
and $\Delta t=t_{i+1}-t_{i}=$ one day. In the limit $n \rightarrow \infty$, it converges $\mathbb{P}$-almost surely to the quadratic variation $\langle\ln S\rangle_{T}$ of $\ln S$ :
$$\frac{1}{T} \sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\left(\ln \frac{S_{t_{i+1}}}{S_{t_{i}}}\right)^{2} \stackrel{n \rightarrow \infty}{\longrightarrow} \frac{1}{T}\langle\ln S\rangle_{T}$$
REMARK 3.1 Note that in practice, $t_{k+1}-t_{k}=1$ day and the approximation of a discrete-monitored variance swap by its continuous-time version is valid. Indeed,
$$\mathrm{VS} \equiv \frac{1}{T} \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \mathbb{E}\left[\left(\ln \frac{S_{t_{i+1}}}{S_{t_{i}}}\right)^{2}\right]=\frac{1}{T} \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \mathbb{E}\left[\left(-\frac{1}{2}\left(\sigma_{t_{i}}^{\mathrm{LN}}\right)^{2} \Delta t+\sigma_{t_{i}}^{\mathrm{LN}} \Delta B_{t_{i}}\right)^{2}\right]$$
where $\sigma_{t_{i}}^{\mathrm{LN}}$ is the realized (log-normal) volatility between $\left[t_{i}, t_{i+1}\right], \Delta B_{t_{i}} \equiv$ $B_{t_{i+1}}-B_{t_{i}}$ and $T=n \Delta t$. This gives
$$\mathrm{VS} \equiv \frac{1}{T} \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \mathbb{E}\left[\left(\frac{1}{4}\left(\sigma_{t_{i}}^{\mathrm{LN}}\right)^{4}(\Delta t)^{2}+\left(\sigma_{t_{i}}^{\mathrm{LN}}\right)^{2} \Delta t\right)\right]$$
By taking $\sigma_{t_{i}}^{\mathrm{LN}}=\sigma^{\mathrm{LN}}$ constant, we get
$$\sqrt{\mathrm{VS}} \equiv\left(\sigma^{\mathrm{LN}}\right)\left(1+\frac{1}{4}\left(\sigma^{\mathrm{LN}}\right)^{2} \Delta t\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}$$
If we impose a relative error of $10^{-3}$ between the continuous and the discrete version, we obtain $\Delta t=810^{-3} /\left(\sigma^{\mathrm{LN}}\right)^{2}$. For $\sigma^{\mathrm{LN}} \sim 100 \%$, we get $\Delta t \approx 3$ days.

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Covariance options

We consider two liquid European options with payoffs $F_{1}$ and $F_{2}$ and maturity $T$, possibly depending on different assets. We denote $\mathbb{E}{t}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{1}\right]$ (resp. $\mathbb{E}{t}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{2}\right]$ ) the $t$-value of this option quoted on the market. The market uses a priori two (different) risk-neutral probability measures $\mathbb{P}^{1}$ and $\mathbb{P}^{2}$. We will assume

that they coincide and belong to $\mathcal{M}^{c}$. $\mathbb{P}$ is not known, we have only a partial characterization through the values $\mathbb{E}{t}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{1}\right]$ and $\mathbb{E}{t}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{2}\right]$. We assume also that the payoff $F_{1} F_{2}$ with maturity $T$ can be bought at $t=0$ with market prices $\mathbb{E}^{\mu}\left[F_{1} F_{2}\right]$

A covariance option pays at a maturity $T$ the daily realized covariance between the prices $\mathbb{E}{t}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{1}\right]$ and $\mathbb{E}{t}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{2}\right]$ :
$$\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\left(\mathbb{E}{t{i+1}}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F_{1}\right]-\mathbb{E}{t{i}}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F_{1}\right]\right)\left(\mathbb{E}{t{i+1}}^{P}\left[F_{2}\right]-\mathbb{E}{t{i}}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F_{2}\right]\right)$$
In the limit $n \rightarrow \infty$, it converges to
$$\int_{0}^{T} d\left\langle\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F_{1}\right], \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F_{2}\right]\right\rangle_{t}$$
From Itô’s lemma, we have for all $\mathbb{P} \in \mathcal{M}^{c}$ :
$$\begin{array}{r} \int_{0}^{T} d\left\langle\mathbb{E}^{\mathrm{P}}\left[F_{1}\right], \mathbb{E}^{\mathrm{P}}\left[F_{2}\right]\right\rangle_{t}=\left(F_{1} F_{2}-\mathbb{E}^{\mu}\left[F_{1} F_{2}\right]\right) \ +\left(\mathbb{E}^{\mu}\left[F_{1} F_{2}\right]-\mathbb{E}{0}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{1}\right] \mathbb{E}{0}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{2}\right]\right) \ -\int_{0}^{T} \mathbb{E}{t}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{1}\right] d \mathbb{E}{t}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{2}\right]-\int_{0}^{T} \mathbb{E}{t}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{2}\right] d \mathbb{E}{t}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{1}\right] \end{array}$$
As observed in $[76]$, this equality indicates that a covariance option can be replicated by doing a delta-hedging on $\mathbb{E}{t}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{1}\right]$ (resp. $\mathbb{E}{t}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{2}\right]$ ) with $H_{t}^{1} \equiv$ $-\mathbb{E}{t}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{2}\right]$ (resp. $H_{t}^{2} \equiv-\mathbb{E}{t}^{\mathrm{P}}\left[F{1}\right]$ ) and statically holding the $T$-European payoff $F_{1} F_{2}$ with market price $\mathbb{E}^{\mu}\left[F_{1} F_{2}\right]$. The model-independent price of this option is therefore
\begin{aligned} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[\int_{0}^{T} d\left\langle\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F_{1}\right], \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F_{2}\right]\right\rangle_{t}\right]=& \mathbb{E}^{\mu}\left[F_{1} F_{2}\right]-\mathbb{E}{0}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{1}\right] \mathbb{E}{0}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{2}\right] \ & \forall \mathbb{P} \in \mathcal{M}^{c} \cap\left{\mathbb{P}: \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F_{1} F_{2}\right]=\mathbb{E}^{\mu}\left[F_{1} F_{2}\right]\right} \end{aligned}

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Probabilistic setup

∑吨0=0吨H吨一世(小号吨一世+1−小号吨一世)⟶n→∞∫0吨H吨d小号吨

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Variance swaps

1吨∑一世=0n−1(ln⁡小号吨一世+1小号吨一世)2,吨0=0,吨n=吨

1吨∑一世=0n−1(ln⁡小号吨一世+1小号吨一世)2⟶n→∞1吨⟨ln⁡小号⟩吨

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Covariance options

∑一世=0n−1(和吨一世+1磷[F1]−和吨一世磷[F1])(和吨一世+1磷[F2]−和吨一世磷[F2])

∫0吨d⟨和磷[F1],和磷[F2]⟩吨

∫0吨d⟨和磷[F1],和磷[F2]⟩吨=(F1F2−和μ[F1F2]) +(和μ[F1F2]−和0磷[F1]和0磷[F2]) −∫0吨和吨磷[F1]d和吨磷[F2]−∫0吨和吨磷[F2]d和吨磷[F1]

\begin{对齐} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[\int_{0}^{T} d\left\langle\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left [F_{1}\right], \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F_{2}\right]\right\rangle_{t}\right]=& \mathbb{E}^ {\mu}\left[F_{1} F_{2}\right]-\mathbb{E}{0}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{1}\right] \mathbb{E} {0}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{2}\right] \ & \forall \mathbb{P} \in \mathcal{M}^{c} \cap\left{\mathbb{P }: \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F_{1} F_{2}\right]=\mathbb{E}^{\mu}\left[F_{1} F_{2 }\right]\right} \end{对齐}\begin{对齐} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[\int_{0}^{T} d\left\langle\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left [F_{1}\right], \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F_{2}\right]\right\rangle_{t}\right]=& \mathbb{E}^ {\mu}\left[F_{1} F_{2}\right]-\mathbb{E}{0}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{1}\right] \mathbb{E} {0}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F{2}\right] \ & \forall \mathbb{P} \in \mathcal{M}^{c} \cap\left{\mathbb{P }: \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[F_{1} F_{2}\right]=\mathbb{E}^{\mu}\left[F_{1} F_{2 }\right]\right} \end{对齐}

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|OT versus MOT: A summary

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale代写方面经验极为丰富，各种离散时间鞅理论martingale相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Martingale Brenier’s solution

The enormous development of OT in the last decades was initiated by Brenier’s celebrated theorem, briefly reviewed in Theorem 2.3. Hence a most natural question is to obtain similar results also for the martingale version of the transport problem. The literature on this topic includes [82, 83]. This seems a potentially very interesting problem for mathematicians working in OT to tackle this problem, particularly in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$.

We briefly state below MOT in $\mathbb{R}{+}^{d}$. We denote $\mathbb{P}^{1}$ and $\mathbb{P}^{2}$ the marginals of $S{1}$ and $S_{2}$ in $\mathbb{R}{+}^{d}$ and $S{1}^{i}$ the $i$-component of $S_{1}$. The knowledge of marginals $\mathbb{P}^{1}$ and $\mathbb{P}^{2}$ is not very common in finance as the (known) marginals are usually one-dimensional (e.g. Vanillas), see however our discussion in Section 2.1.3. A notable exception arises in fixed income and foreign exchange markets (see Example 2.1) where Vanillas on spread swap rates, i.e., $\left(S_{2}-K S_{1}\right)^{+}$, are quoted on the market.
$$\widetilde{\mathrm{MK}}{2}=\inf {\lambda_{1} \in \mathrm{L}^{1}\left(\mathbb{P}^{1}\right), \lambda_{2} \in \mathrm{L}^{1}\left(\mathbb{P}^{2}\right),\left(H^{i}(-)\right){1 \leq i \leq d}} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{1}}\left[\lambda{1}\left(S_{1}\right)\right]+\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{2}}\left[\lambda_{2}\left(S_{2}\right)\right]$$
such that $\lambda_{1}\left(s_{1}\right)+\lambda_{2}\left(s_{2}\right)+\sum_{i=1}^{d} H^{i}\left(s_{1}\right)\left(s_{2}^{i}-s_{1}^{i}\right) \geq c\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right), \quad \forall\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right) \in$ $\left(\mathbb{R}{+}^{d}\right)^{2}$. Taking for granted that the primal is attained (the dual is attained by weak compactness), the (strong) duality result implies as before that $$\lambda{1}\left(s_{1}\right)+\lambda_{2}\left(s_{2}\right)+\sum_{i=1}^{d} H^{i}\left(s_{1}\right)\left(s_{2}^{i}-s_{1}^{i}\right)=c\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right), \quad \mathbb{P}^{}-\text { a.s. }$$ We have $d+2$ unknown functions $\left(\lambda_{1}, \lambda_{2},\left(H^{i}(\cdot)\right){1 \leq i \leq d}\right.$ ) (defined on (a subset of) $\mathbb{R}{+}^{d}$ ) and it is tempting to guess that the optimal martingale measure $\mathbb{P}^{}$ is localized on some maps $\left(T^{\alpha}\right){\alpha=1, \ldots, N}$. For each map – denoted schematically by $T$ with components $\left(T{1}, \ldots, T_{d}\right)$ – we should have: $\forall s_{1} \in \mathbb{R}^{d}$,
\begin{aligned} &\lambda_{1}\left(s_{1}\right)+\lambda_{2}\left(T\left(s_{1}\right)\right)+\sum_{i=1}^{d} H^{i}\left(s_{1}\right)\left(T_{i}\left(s_{1}\right)-s_{1}^{i}\right)=c\left(s_{1}, T\left(s_{1}\right)\right) \ &\partial_{s_{2}^{i}} \lambda_{2}\left(T\left(s_{1}\right)\right)+H^{i}\left(s_{1}\right)=\partial_{s_{2}^{i}} c\left(s_{1}, T\left(s_{1}\right)\right), \quad \forall i=1, \ldots, d \end{aligned}
On the dual side, we should have :
$$\mathbb{P}^{*}\left(d s_{1}, s_{2}\right)=\sum_{\alpha=1}^{N} q_{\alpha}\left(s_{1}\right) \delta_{T a\left(s_{1}\right)}\left(d s_{2}\right) \mathbb{P}^{1}\left(d s_{1}\right)$$
where the functions $\left(q_{\alpha}\right){\alpha=1, \ldots, N}$ are constrained by the algebraic equations: $$\sum{\alpha=1}^{N} q_{\alpha}\left(s_{1}\right)=1, \quad \sum_{\alpha=1}^{N} q_{\alpha}\left(s_{1}\right)\left(T^{\alpha}\left(s_{1}\right)-s_{1}\right)=0$$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Mirror coupling: The right-monotone martingale transport plan

Suppose that $c_{s_{1} s_{2} s_{2}}<0$. Then, the upper bound $\widetilde{\mathrm{MK}}{2}$ is attained by the right-monotone martingale transport map $$\begin{array}{r} \mathbb{P}{*}\left(d s_{1}, d s_{2}\right)=\mathbb{P}^{1}\left(d s_{1}\right)\left(q\left(s_{1}\right) \delta_{\bar{T}{u}\left(s{1}\right)}\left(d s_{2}\right)+\left(1-q\left(s_{1}\right)\right) \delta_{\bar{T}{d}\left(s{1}\right)}\left(d s_{2}\right)\right) \ q(x)=\frac{x-\bar{T}{d}(x)}{\bar{T}{u}(x)-\bar{T}{d}(x)} \end{array}$$ where $\left(\bar{T}{d}, \bar{T}{u}\right)$ is defined as in $(2.31,2.32)$ with the pair of probability measures $\left(\overline{\mathrm{P}}^{1}, \overline{\mathrm{P}}^{2}\right):$ $$\bar{F}^{1}\left(s{1}\right) \equiv 1-F^{1}\left(-s_{1}\right), \text { and } \bar{F}^{2}\left(s_{2}\right) \equiv 1-F^{2}\left(-s_{2}\right) .$$ To see this, we rewrite the OT problem equivalently with modified inputs: \begin{aligned} \bar{c}\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right) \equiv c\left(-s_{1},-s_{2}\right), & \overline{\mathbb{P}}^{1}\left(\left(-\infty, s_{1}\right]\right) \equiv \mathbb{P}^{1}\left(\left[-s_{1}, \infty\right)\right) \ \overline{\mathbb{P}}^{2}\left(\left(-\infty, s_{2}\right]\right) \equiv \mathbb{P}^{2}\left(\left[-s_{2}, \infty\right)\right) \end{aligned} so that $\bar{c}{s{1} s_{2} s_{2}}>0$, as required in Theorem 2.8. Note that the martingale constraint is preserved by the map $\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right) \mapsto\left(-s_{1},-s_{2}\right)$ (and not by our parity transformation $\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right) \mapsto\left(s_{1},-s_{2}\right)$ in OT $)$.

Suppose that $c_{s_{1} s_{2} s_{2}}>0$. Then, the lower bound problem is explicitly solved by the right-monotone martingale transport plan. Indeed, it follows from the first part of the present remark that:
\begin{aligned} \inf {\mathbb{P} \in \mathcal{M}\left(\mathbb{P}^{1}, \mathbb{P}^{2}\right)} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[c\left(S{1}, S_{2}\right)\right] &=-\sup {\mathbb{P} \in \mathcal{M}\left(\mathbb{P}^{1}, \mathbb{P}^{2}\right)} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[-c\left(S{1}, S_{2}\right)\right] \ &=-\sup {\mathbb{P} \in \mathcal{M}\left(\mathbb{P}^{1}, \mathbb{R}^{2}\right)} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[-\bar{c}\left(-S{1},-S_{2}\right)\right] \ &=-\sup {\mathbb{P} \in \mathcal{M}\left(\mathbb{P}^{1}, \mathbb{R}^{2}\right)} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[-\bar{c}\left(S{1}, S_{2}\right)\right] \ &=\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[c\left(S_{1}, S_{2}\right)\right] \end{aligned}

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Change of num´eraire

We define the involution $\mathcal{S}[34]$ (i.e., $\mathcal{S}^{2}=\mathrm{Id}$ ) on a payoff function $c$ by
$$(\mathcal{S c})\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right) \equiv s_{2} c\left(\frac{1}{s_{1}}, \frac{1}{s_{2}}\right)$$
We have
\begin{aligned} \sup {\mathbb{P} \in \mathcal{M}\left(\mathbb{P}^{1}, \mathbb{P}^{2}\right)} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[(\mathcal{S} c)\left(S{1}, S_{2}\right)\right]=& \sup {\mathbb{P} \in \mathcal{M}\left(\mathbb{P}^{1}, \mathbb{P}^{2}\right)} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[S{2} c\left(\frac{1}{S_{1}}, \frac{1}{S_{2}}\right)\right] \ =S_{0} & \sup {\left.\mathbb{Q} \in \mathcal{M}\left(\mathcal{S}^{1}\right), \mathcal{P}\left(\mathbb{(}^{2}\right)\right)} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{Q}}\left[c\left(\bar{S}{t_{1}}, \bar{S}{t{2}}\right)\right] \end{aligned}
where $\mathcal{S}\left(\mathbb{P}^{i}\right), i=1,2$ has a density $\left(\mathcal{S} f^{i}\right)(s)=\frac{1}{S_{0} s^{3}} f^{i}\left(\frac{1}{s}\right)$ where $f^{i}$ the density of $\mathbb{P}^{i}$. We have used that by working in the numéraire associated to the discrete martingale $S_{t}$ :
$$\mathbb{E}^{\mathrm{P}}\left[S_{2} c\left(\frac{1}{S_{1}}, \frac{1}{S_{2}}\right)\right]=S_{0} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{Q}}\left[c\left(\frac{1}{S_{1}}, \frac{1}{S_{2}}\right)\right]$$
with $\left.\frac{d \mathbb{Q}}{}\right|{\mathcal{F}{t_{i}}}=\frac{S_{i}}{S_{0}}$. Under $\mathbb{Q}, \frac{1}{S_{i}}$ is a discrete martingale: $\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{Q}}\left[\frac{1}{S_{2}} \mid \frac{1}{S_{1}}\right]=\frac{1}{S_{1}}$. This involution $\mathcal{S}$ satisfies
$$(\mathcal{S c}){122}\left(s{1}, s_{2}\right)=-\frac{1}{s_{1}^{2} s_{2}^{3}} c_{122}\left(\frac{1}{s_{1}}, \frac{1}{s_{2}}\right)$$
and exchanges therefore the left and right-monotone martingale transport plan where the marginals have support in $\mathbb{R}_{+}$.

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Martingale Brenier’s solution

MOT 读取

λ1(s1)+λ2(s2)+∑一世=1dH一世(s1)(s2一世−s1一世)=C(s1,s2),磷− 作为 我们有d+2未知功能(λ1,λ2,(H一世(⋅))1≤一世≤d) (定义在 (的一个子集)R+d) 并且很容易猜测最优鞅测度磷在某些地图上进行了本地化(吨一个)一个=1,…,ñ. 对于每张地图——示意性地表示为吨带组件(吨1,…,吨d)- 我们本应该：∀s1∈Rd,

λ1(s1)+λ2(吨(s1))+∑一世=1dH一世(s1)(吨一世(s1)−s1一世)=C(s1,吨(s1)) ∂s2一世λ2(吨(s1))+H一世(s1)=∂s2一世C(s1,吨(s1)),∀一世=1,…,d

∑一个=1ñq一个(s1)=1,∑一个=1ñq一个(s1)(吨一个(s1)−s1)=0

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Mirror coupling: The right-monotone martingale transport plan

F¯1(s1)≡1−F1(−s1), 和 F¯2(s2)≡1−F2(−s2).为了看到这一点，我们用修改后的输入等效地重写了 OT 问题：

C¯(s1,s2)≡C(−s1,−s2),磷¯1((−∞,s1])≡磷1([−s1,∞)) 磷¯2((−∞,s2])≡磷2([−s2,∞))以便C¯s1s2s2>0，如定理 2.8 所要求的。请注意，鞅约束由地图保留(s1,s2)↦(−s1,−s2)（而不是通过我们的平价变换(s1,s2)↦(s1,−s2)我不).

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Change of num´eraire

(小号C)(s1,s2)≡s2C(1s1,1s2)

(小号C)122(s1,s2)=−1s12s23C122(1s1,1s2)

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Robust quantile hedging

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale代写方面经验极为丰富，各种离散时间鞅理论martingale相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Multi-marginals and infinitely-many marginals case

Most of the literature on OT focuses on the 2 -asset case with a payoff $c\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right)$. For applications in mathematical finance, it is interesting to study the case of a multi-asset payoff $c\left(s_{1}, \ldots, s_{n}\right)$ depending on $n$ assets evaluated at the same maturity. We define the $n$-asset optimal transport problem (by duality) as
$$\mathrm{MK}{n} \equiv \sup {\mathbb{P} \in \mathcal{P}\left(\mathbb{P}^{1}, \ldots, \mathbb{P}^{n}\right)} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[c\left(S_{1}, \ldots, S_{n}\right)\right]$$
with $\mathcal{P}\left(\mathbb{P}^{1}, \ldots, \mathbb{P}^{n}\right)=\left{\mathbb{P}: S_{i} \stackrel{\mathbb{P}}{\sim} \mathbb{P}^{i}, \forall i=1, \ldots, n\right}$. This problem has been studied by Gangbo [78] and recently by Carlier [36] (see also Pass [124]) with the following requirement on the payoff:

DEFINITION $2.4$ see [36] $c \in C^{2}$ is strictly monotone of order 2 if for all $(i, j) \in{1, \ldots, n}^{2}$ with $i \neq j$, all second order derivatives $\partial_{i j} c$ are positive.
We have

THEOREM $2.4$ see $[78,36]$
If $c$ is strictly monotone of order 2 , there exists a unique optimal transference plan for the $\mathrm{MK}{n}$ transport problem, and it has the form $$\mathbb{P}^{*}\left(d s{1}, \ldots, d s_{n}\right)=\mathbb{P}^{1}\left(d s_{1}\right) \prod_{i=2}^{n} \delta_{T_{i}\left(s_{1}\right)}\left(d s_{i}\right), \quad T_{i}(s)=F_{i}^{-1} \circ F_{1}(s), i=2, \ldots, n$$
The optimal upper bound is
$$\mathrm{MK}{n}=\int c\left(x, T{2}(x), \ldots, T_{n}(x)\right) \mathbb{P}^{1}(d x)$$
An extension to the infinite many marginals case has been obtained recently by Pass $[125]$ who studies
$$\mathrm{MK}{\infty} \equiv \sup {\mathbb{P}: S_{\mathrm{t}} \sim \mathbb{P} t, \forall t \in(0, T]} \mathbb{E}\left[h\left(\int_{0}^{T} S_{t} d t\right)\right]$$
where $h$ is a convex function. Let $F_{t}$ the cumulative distribution of $\mathbb{P}^{t}$. Define the stochastic process $S_{t}^{\text {opt }}(\omega)=F_{t}^{-1}(\omega), \quad \omega \in[0,1]$. The underlying probability space is the interval $[0,1]$ with Lebesgue measure.

Here we take a cost function $c\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right)=L\left(s_{2}-s_{1}\right)$ with $L$ a strictly concave function such that the Spence-Mirrlees condition is satisfied. From the formulation (2.8), one can link the Monge-Kantorovich formulation to the solution of a Hamilton-Jacobi equation through the Hopf-Lax formula:
PROPOSITION 2.3 see e.g. [139]
$$\mathrm{MK}{2}=\inf {u(1, \cdot)}-\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{1}}\left[u\left(0, S_{1}\right)\right]+\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{2}}\left[u\left(1, S_{2}\right)\right]$$
where $u(0, \cdot)$ is the (viscosity) solution at $t=0$ of the following HJ equation with terminal boundary condition $u(1,-):$
$$\partial_{t} u+H(D u)=0, \quad H(p) \equiv \inf _{q}{p q-L(q)}$$

PROOF From the dynamic programming principle, $u$, satisfying HamiltonJacobi equation (2.21), can be written as
$$u(t, x)=\inf {\zeta} u\left(1, x+\int{t}^{1} \dot{\zeta}(s) d s\right)-\int_{t}^{1} L(\dot{\zeta}(s)) d s$$
The minimisation over $\dot{\zeta}$ gives that $\dot{\zeta}$ is a constant $q$ (Fréchet derivative with respect to $\dot{\zeta}$ gives the critical equation $\left.\frac{d^{2} \zeta(t)}{d t^{2}}=0\right)$.
$$u(t, x)=\inf {q} u(1, x+q(1-t))-L(q)(1-t)$$ By setting $y=x+q(1-t)$, we get Hopf-Lax’s formula: $$u(t, x)=\inf {y} u(1, y)-L\left(\frac{y-x}{1-t}\right)(1-t)$$
For $t=0$, this gives that $-u(0, \cdot)$ is the L-transform of $u(1, \cdot):-u(0, x)=$ $\sup _{y} L(y-x)-u(1, y)$. We conclude with Proposition 2.1.

In the next section, we introduce a martingale version of OT, first developed in $[17,77]$ where we have obtained a Monge-Kantorovich duality result.

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Martingale optimal transport

We consider a payoff $c\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right)$ depending on a single asset evaluated at two dates $t_{1}{2}$ : DEFINITION $2.5$ $$\widetilde{\mathrm{MK}}{2} \equiv \inf {\mathcal{M}^{}\left(\mathbb{P}^{1}, \mathbb{P}^{2}\right)} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{1}}\left[\lambda{1}\left(S_{1}\right)\right]+\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{2}}\left[\lambda_{2}\left(S_{2}\right)\right]$$ where $\mathcal{M}^{}\left(\mathbb{P}^{1}, \mathbb{P}^{2}\right)$ is the set of functions $\lambda_{1} \in \mathrm{L}^{1}\left(\mathbb{P}^{1}\right), \lambda_{2} \in \mathrm{L}^{1}\left(\mathbb{P}^{2}\right)$ and $H$ a bounded continuous function on $\mathbb{R}{+}$such that $$\lambda{1}\left(s_{1}\right)+\lambda_{2}\left(s_{2}\right)+H\left(s_{1}\right)\left(s_{2}-s_{1}\right) \geq c\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right), \quad \forall\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right) \in \mathbb{R}{+}^{2}$$ This corresponds to a semi-static hedging strategy which consists in holding European payoffs $\lambda{1}$ and $\lambda_{2}$ and applying a delta strategy at $t_{1}$, generating a

$\mathrm{P} \& \mathrm{~L} H\left(s_{1}\right)\left(s_{2}-s_{1}\right)$ at $t_{2}$ with zero cost. We could also add a term $H_{0}\left(S_{0}\right)\left(s_{1}-\right.$ $\left.S_{0}\right)$ corresponding to performing a delta-hedging at $t=0$. As this term can be incorporated into $\lambda_{1}\left(s_{1}\right)$, it is not included. Similarly, an intermediate deltahedging term $H_{i}\left(S_{0}, \ldots, s_{t_{i}}\right)\left(s_{t_{i+1}}-s_{t_{i}}\right)$ where $0<t_{i}<t_{i+1} \leq t_{2}$ can be added but it can be shown that the optimal solution is attained for $H_{i}=0$. These terms are therefore not needed and will be disregarded next (see Corollary $2.1)$

Note that in comparison with the OT MK $\mathrm{MK}{2}$ previously reported, we have $\overline{\mathrm{MK}}{2} \leq \mathrm{MK}_{2}$ due to the appearance of the function $H$.

At this point, a natural question is how the classical results in OT generalize in the present martingale version. We follow closely our introduction of OT and explain how the various concepts previously explained extend to the present setting. Our research partly originates from a systematic derivation of Skorokhod embedding solutions and understanding of particle methods for non-linear McKean stochastic differential equations appearing in the calibration of financial models (see Section 4.2.4). From a practical point of view, the derivation of these optimal bounds allows to better understand the risk of exotic options as illustrated in the next example.

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Multi-marginals and infinitely-many marginals case

Pass 最近获得了对无限多边际情况的扩展[125]谁学习

∂吨在+H(D在)=0,H(p)≡信息qpq−大号(q)

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Martingale optimal transport

λ1(s1)+λ2(s2)+H(s1)(s2−s1)≥C(s1,s2),∀(s1,s2)∈R+2这对应于一种半静态对冲策略，包括持有欧洲收益λ1和λ2并在吨1，生成一个

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Derivation of the Monge–Amp`ere equation

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale代写方面经验极为丰富，各种离散时间鞅理论martingale相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Axiomatic construction of marginals: Stieltjes moment problem

We have explained previously that marginals $\mathbb{P}^{i}$ can be inferred from market values of $T$-Vanilla call/put options. However, in practice, only a finite number of strikes are quoted and therefore these liquid prices need to be interpolated and extrapolated in order to imply the marginals $\mathbb{P}^{i}$ (supported in $\mathbb{R}{+}$). We report here how this can be achieved. This problem can be framed as Stieltjes moment problem. By construction, our $T$-marginal should belong to the infinite-dimensional convex set $$\mathcal{M}=\left{\mathbb{P}: \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[S{T}\right]=S_{0}, \quad \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[\left(S_{T}-K_{i}\right)^{+}\right]=C\left(K_{i}\right) \equiv c_{i}, \quad i=1, \ldots n\right}$$
$\mathcal{M}$ is relatively compact from Prokhorov’s theorem (See Remark 1.4). For instance, we add the technical assumption that the elements in $\mathcal{M}$ should also be compactly supported in the interval $\left[0, S_{\max }\right]$ with $S_{\max }$ large in order to get that $\mathcal{M}$ is compact. This implies that from Krein-Milman’s theorem, this set can be reconstructed from its extremal points $\operatorname{Ext}(\mathcal{M})$ :
$$\mathcal{M}=\overline{\operatorname{Conv}(\operatorname{Ext}(\mathcal{M}))}$$
Furthermore, from Choquet’s theorem, one can show that all arbitrage-free prices $C(K)$ can be obtained by linearly combining extremal points. They are supported by a probability measure $\mu$ on $\operatorname{Ext}(\mathcal{M})$ (probability on probability space!) and for all $K$,
$$C(K)=\int_{\operatorname{Ext}(\mathcal{M})} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[\left(S_{T}-K\right)^{+}\right] d \mu(\mathbb{P})$$
Enumerating all the extremal points (and therefore elements in $\mathcal{M}$ ) is a difficult task. We follow a different route. A canonical point of $\mathcal{M}$ can be obtained by minimising a convex lower semi-continuous functional $\mathcal{F}$ :
$$I \equiv \inf {\mathbb{P} \in \mathcal{M}} \mathcal{F}(\mathbb{P})=\mathcal{F}\left(\mathbb{P}{c_{1}, \ldots, c_{n}}^{}\right), \quad \mathbb{P}{c{1}, \ldots, c_{n}}^{} \in \mathcal{M}$$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Spence–Mirrlees condition

The Spence-Mirrlees condition, i.e., $c_{12}>0$, required for the Fréchet-Hoeffding solution to hold, is very natural from a financial point of view. If we shift the payoff $c$ by some European payoffs $\Lambda_{1} \in L^{1}\left(\mathbb{P}^{1}\right), \Lambda_{2} \in L^{1}\left(\mathbb{P}^{2}\right)$ :
$$\bar{c}\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right)=c\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right)+\Lambda_{1}\left(s_{1}\right)+\Lambda_{2}\left(s_{2}\right)$$
then the Monge-Kantorovich bound for $\bar{c}$ should be
$$\mathrm{MK}{2}(\bar{c})=\mathrm{MK}{2}(c)+\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{1}}\left[\Lambda_{1}\left(S_{1}\right)\right]+\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{2}}\left[\Lambda_{2}\left(S_{2}\right)\right]$$
as the market price of $\Lambda_{i}\left(s_{i}\right)$ is fixed by $\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{x}}\left[\Lambda_{i}\left(S_{i}\right)\right]$. The payoff $\bar{c}$ is precisely invariant under the Spence-Mirrlees condition : $\bar{c}{12}=c{12}$.

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Mirror coupling: Co-monotone rearrangement map

Similarly, the upper bound under the condition $c_{12}<0$ is attained by the co-monotone rearrangement map $$T\left(s_{1}\right)=F_{2}^{-1} \circ\left(1-F_{1}\left(-s_{1}\right)\right)$$ This can be obtained by applying the parity transformation $\mathcal{P}\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right)=$ $\left(-s_{1}, s_{2}\right)$. For each measure $\mathbb{P}$ matching the marginals $\mathbb{P}^{1}$ and $\mathbb{P}^{2}$, we can associate the measure $\mathcal{P}{} \mathbb{P}$ matching the marginals $\mathcal{P}{} \mathbb{P}^{1}$ and $\mathbb{P}^{2}$ with cumulative distributions $\bar{F}{1}\left(s{1}\right) \equiv 1-F_{1}\left(-s_{1}\right)$ and $F_{2}\left(s_{2}\right)$. We conclude as the Monge-Kantorovich bounds for $c$ and $\tilde{c}\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right) \equiv c\left(-s_{1}, s_{2}\right)$ coincides as $\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}[c]=\mathbb{E}^{\mathcal{P}} \mathbb{P}[\bar{c}]$. Similarly, by replacing $c$ by $-c$, we obtain that the comonotone rearrangement map gives the lower bound under the condition $c_{12}>0$
Example $2.4$ Lower bound, $c\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right)=\left(s_{1}-K_{1}\right)+1_{s_{2}>K_{2}}$
By applying Anti-Fréchet-Hoeffding solution, the lower bound is attained by
$$\mathrm{MK}{2}=\int{F_{2}\left(K_{2}\right)}^{\max \left(1-F_{1}\left(K_{1}\right), F_{2}\left(K_{2}\right)\right)}\left(F_{1}^{-1}(1-u)-K_{1}\right) d u$$
with
\begin{aligned} &\lambda_{2}(x)=\left(\bar{F}{1}^{-1} \circ F{2}\left(K_{2}\right)-K_{1}\right)^{+} 1_{x>K_{2}} \ &\lambda_{1}(x)=\left(x-K_{1}\right)^{+} 1_{F_{2}^{-1} \circ F_{1}(x)>K_{2}}-\left(\bar{F}{1}^{-1} \circ F{2}\left(K_{2}\right)-K_{1}\right)^{+} 1_{F_{2}^{-1} \circ F_{1}(x)>K_{2}} \end{aligned}

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Axiomatic construction of marginals: Stieltjes moment problem

\mathcal{M}=\left{\mathbb{P}: \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[S{T}\right]=S_{0}, \quad \mathbb{E }^{\mathbb{P}}\left[\left(S_{T}-K_{i}\right)^{+}\right]=C\left(K_{i}\right) \equiv c_{ i}, \quad i=1, \ldots n\right}\mathcal{M}=\left{\mathbb{P}: \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[S{T}\right]=S_{0}, \quad \mathbb{E }^{\mathbb{P}}\left[\left(S_{T}-K_{i}\right)^{+}\right]=C\left(K_{i}\right) \equiv c_{ i}, \quad i=1, \ldots n\right}

C(ķ)=∫分机⁡(米)和磷[(小号吨−ķ)+]dμ(磷)

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Spence–Mirrlees condition

Spence-Mirrlees 条件，即C12>0从财务的角度来看，Fréchet-Hoeffding 解决方案所需的 ，是非常自然的。如果我们改变收益C通过一些欧洲的回报Λ1∈大号1(磷1),Λ2∈大号1(磷2):

C¯(s1,s2)=C(s1,s2)+Λ1(s1)+Λ2(s2)

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Mirror coupling: Co-monotone rearrangement map

$$\mathrm{MK} {2}=\int{F_{2}\left(K_{2}\right)}^{\max \left (1-F_{1}\left(K_{1}\right), F_{2}\left(K_{2}\right)\right)}\left(F_{1}^{-1}(1 -u)-K_{1}\right) 杜 在一世吨H λ2(X)=(F¯1−1∘F2(ķ2)−ķ1)+1X>ķ2 λ1(X)=(X−ķ1)+1F2−1∘F1(X)>ķ2−(F¯1−1∘F2(ķ2)−ķ1)+1F2−1∘F1(X)>ķ2$$

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Martingale optimal transport

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale代写方面经验极为丰富，各种离散时间鞅理论martingale相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Formulation in R+d and multi-dimensional marginals

The MK formulation and its dual expression remain valid when $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ are two random variables in $\mathbb{R}{+}^{d}$. The interpretation in mathematical finance goes as follows: let us consider a payoff $c\left(s{1}, s_{2}\right)$ depending on two groups $\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right)$, each composed of $d$ assets. The first group is $\left(s_{1}^{1}, \ldots, s_{1}^{d}\right) \in \mathbb{R}{+}^{d}$. Knowing the distribution of $S{1} \in \mathbb{R}{+}^{d}$ is equivalent to knowing (at $t=0$ ) the market values of all basket options $\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{1}}\left[\left(S{1} \cdot \omega-K\right)^{+}\right]$for all $K \in \mathbb{R}$ and for all $\omega \in \mathbb{R}^{d}$. This equivalence can be seen by observing that basket option prices fix the Laplace transform of $S_{1}: \mathbb{E}^{P^{1}}\left[e^{\omega-S_{1}}\right]$. Although basket options are liquid only for some particular values of the weight $\omega$ (and $K)$, the values $\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{1}}\left[\left(S_{1} \cdot \omega-K\right)^{+}\right]$can be however fixed by assuming a correlation structure (more precisely a copula, denoted co below) between the variables $\left(S_{1}^{1}, \ldots, S_{1}^{d}\right)$. For example, the first group of assets (resp. second) belongs to the same financial sector and can therefore be assumed to be strongly correlated. This is not the case for the correlation structures between $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ which belong to two different groups and for which the correlation information is difficult to obtain. This is found through our OT formulation. By definition of the copula co, we impose that
$$\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{1}}\left[\lambda_{1}\left(S_{1}\right)\right] \equiv \mathbb{E}\left[\lambda_{1}\left(F_{1}^{-1}\left(U_{1}\right), \ldots F_{d}^{-1}\left(U_{d}\right)\right) \operatorname{co}\left(U_{1}, \ldots, U_{d}\right)\right]$$
where $\left(U_{i}\right){1 \leq i \leq d}$ are $d$ independent uniform random variables and $F{i}$ is the cumulative distribution of $S_{1}^{i}$ implied from $T$-Vanilla options on $S_{1}^{i}$. Note that our discussion can be extended when $S_{1} \in \mathbb{R}{+}^{d}$ and $S{2} \in \mathbb{R}_{+}^{d^{}}$ with $d \neq d^{}$.

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Fréchet-Hoeffding solution

Under the so-called Spence-Mirrlees condition, $c_{12} \equiv \partial_{s_{1} s_{2}} c>0$, OT (2.6) can be solved explicitly. Let $F_{1}, F_{2}$ denote the cumulative distribution functions of $\mathbb{P}^{1}$ and $\mathbb{P}^{2}$. For the sake of simplicity, we will assume that $\mathbb{P}^{1}$ does not give mass to points and $c \in C^{2}$.
THEOREM $2.2$
Under $c_{12}>0$,
(i): The optimal measure $\mathbb{P}^{}$ has the form $$\mathbb{P}^{}\left(d s_{1}, d s_{2}\right)=\delta_{T\left(s_{1}\right)}\left(d s_{2}\right) \mathbb{P}^{1}\left(d s_{1}\right)$$
with $T$ the forward image of the measure $\mathbb{P}^{1}$ onto $\mathbb{P}^{2}: T(x)=F_{2}^{-1} \circ F_{1}(x)$.
(ii): The optimal upper bound is given by
$$\mathrm{MK}{2}=\int{0}^{1} c\left(F_{1}^{-1}(u), F_{2}^{-1}(u)\right) d u$$
This optimal bound can be attained by a static hedging strategy consisting in holding European payoffs $\lambda_{1} \in \mathrm{L}^{1}\left(\mathbb{P}^{1}\right), \lambda_{2} \in \mathrm{L}^{1}\left(\mathbb{P}^{2}\right)$ with market prices $\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{1}}\left[\lambda_{1}\left(S_{1}\right)\right]$ and $\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{2}}\left[\lambda_{2}\left(S_{2}\right)\right]$
$$\mathrm{MK}{2}=\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{1}}\left[\lambda{1}\left(S_{1}\right)\right]+\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{2}}\left[\lambda_{2}\left(S_{2}\right)\right]$$
with
$$\lambda_{2}(x)=\int_{0}^{x} c_{2}\left(T^{-1}(y), y\right) d y, \quad \lambda_{1}(x)=c(x, T(x))-\lambda_{2}(T(x))$$
The value of this static European portfolio super-replicates the payoff at maturity:
$$\lambda_{1}\left(s_{1}\right)+\lambda_{2}\left(s_{2}\right) \geq c\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right), \quad \forall\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right) \in \mathbb{R}{+}^{2}$$ $T$ is refereed as the Brenier map (or Fréchet-Hoeffding). Note that the above theorem requires additional conditions on $c$ in order to guarantee the integrability conditions $\lambda{1} \in L^{1}\left(\mathbb{P}^{1}\right)$ and $\lambda_{2} \in L^{1}\left(\mathbb{P}^{2}\right)$.

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Brenier’s solution

The Fréchet-Hoeffding solution has been generalized in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ by Brenier [29] first in the case of a quadratic cost function and then extended to concave payoff $c=c\left(s_{1}-s_{2}\right)$ by Gangbo and McCann $[79]$ and others:
THEOREM 2.3 Brenier $=c\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right)=-\left|s_{1}-s_{2}\right|^{2} / 2$
(i): If $\mathbb{P}^{1}$ has no atoms, then there is a unique optimal $\mathbb{P}^{}$, which is a Monge solution: $$\mathbb{P}^{}=\delta_{T\left(s_{1}\right)}\left(d s_{2}\right) \mathbb{P}^{1}\left(s_{1}\right)$$
with $T=\nabla \lambda_{1} . \nabla \lambda_{1}$ is the unique gradient of a convex function $\lambda_{1}$.
(ii): The optimal bound is attained by a static hedging strategy with $\lambda_{2}(x)=$ $c(x, T(x))-\lambda_{1}(x)$ and $\lambda_{1}$ uniquely specified by
$$\left(\nabla \lambda_{1}\right) # \mathbb{P}^{1}=\mathbb{P}^{2}$$
The notation $T # \mathbb{P}^{1}=\mathbb{P}^{2}$ means that for all $U \in \mathrm{L}^{1}\left(\mathbb{P}^{2}\right)$ :
$$\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{1}}\left[U\left(T\left(S_{1}\right)\right)\right]=\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{2}}\left[U\left(S_{2}\right)\right]$$
If $T$ is differentiable, this condition reads
$$|\operatorname{det} \nabla T| \mathbb{P}^{2}(T(x))=\mathbb{P}^{1}(x)$$

This theorem has been generalized to a strictly concave, superlinear ${ }^{2}$ cost function $c\left(s_{1}, s_{2}\right)=c\left(s_{1}-s_{2}\right)$. The Brenier map is then
$$T(x)=x-\nabla c^{}\left(\nabla \lambda_{1}(x)\right)$$ for some $c$-concave function $\lambda_{1}$ which is uniquely fixed by the requirement $T_{#} \mathbb{P}^{1}=\mathbb{P}^{2}$. Here $c^{} \equiv \inf _{x}{p . x-c(x)}$ is the Legendre transform of $c .$

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Formulation in R+d and multi-dimensional marginals

MK 公式及其对偶表达式在以下情况下仍然有效小号1和小号2是两个随机变量R+d. 数学金融中的解释如下：让我们考虑一个回报C(s1,s2)取决于两组(s1,s2), 每个由d资产。第一组是(s11,…,s1d)∈R+d. 了解分布情况小号1∈R+d相当于知道（在吨=0) 所有篮子期权的市值和磷1[(小号1⋅ω−ķ)+]对所有人ķ∈R并为所有人ω∈Rd. 这种等价性可以通过观察篮子期权价格固定拉普拉斯变换来看出小号1:和磷1[和ω−小号1]. 尽管篮子期权仅对某些特定的权重值具有流动性ω（和ķ)， 价值和磷1[(小号1⋅ω−ķ)+]然而，可以通过假设变量之间的相关结构（更准确地说是一个 copula，在下面表示为 co）来固定(小号11,…,小号1d). 例如，第一组资产（分别是第二组）属于同一金融部门，因此可以假设它们是强相关的。之间的相关结构并非如此小号1和小号2属于两个不同的组，并且很难获得相关信息。这是通过我们的 OT 公式发现的。根据 copula co 的定义，我们强加

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Fréchet-Hoeffding solution

(i): 最优度量磷有形式

(ii)：最优上限由下式给出

λ2(X)=∫0XC2(吨−1(是),是)d是,λ1(X)=C(X,吨(X))−λ2(吨(X))

λ1(s1)+λ2(s2)≥C(s1,s2),∀(s1,s2)∈R+2吨被称为 Brenier 地图（或 Fréchet-Hoeffding）。请注意，上述定理需要附加条件C为了保证可积性条件λ1∈大号1(磷1)和λ2∈大号1(磷2).

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Brenier’s solution

Fréchet-Hoeffding 解已被推广到RdBrenier [29] 首先在二次成本函数的情况下，然后扩展到凹支付C=C(s1−s2)通过 Gangbo 和 McCann[79]和其他人：

(i): 如果磷1没有原子，则存在唯一最优磷，这是一个 Monge 解决方案：

(ii)：通过静态对冲策略获得最优界限λ2(X)= C(X,吨(X))−λ1(X)和λ1唯一指定的

\left(\例如 \lambda_{1}\right)#\mathbb{P}^{1}=\mathbb{P}^{2}\left(\例如 \lambda_{1}\right)#\mathbb{P}^{1}=\mathbb{P}^{2}

|这⁡∇吨|磷2(吨(X))=磷1(X)

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale代写方面经验极为丰富，各种离散时间鞅理论martingale相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

Our delta-hedging strategy was a bit too simple as it consists only in buying or selling the asset at $t=0$ and holding it until the maturity. A more involved strategy is to buy (or sell) units of the asset at a date $t_{k}$ until a next date $t_{k+1}$. Let us compute the value of our delta-hedged portfolio at the maturity $T$. At $t_{k}$, the portfolio value $\pi_{t_{k}}$ is
$$\pi_{t_{k}}=\left(\pi_{t_{k}}-H_{t_{k}} S_{t_{k}}\right)+H_{t_{k}} S_{t_{k}}$$
where $H_{t_{k}}$ is the number of shares held at time $t_{k}$. Although this expression seems algebraically trivial, its financial interpretation is important: the term $H_{t_{k}} S_{t_{k}}$ is the value at $t_{k}$ of a position consisting of $H_{t_{k}}$ units of the asset. The term $\pi_{t_{k}}-H_{t_{k}} S_{t_{k}}$ represents the cash part invested in a bank account. The variation of our portfolio between $t_{k}$ and $t_{k+1}$ is then
\begin{aligned} \delta \pi_{t_{k}} &=\left(\pi_{t_{k}}-H_{t_{k}} S_{t_{k}}\right) r \delta t+H_{t_{k}} \delta S_{t_{k}} \ &=\pi_{t_{k}} r \delta t+H_{t_{k}}\left(\delta S_{t_{k}}-S_{t_{k}} r \delta t\right) \end{aligned}
with $\delta S_{t_{k}} \equiv S_{t_{k+1}}-S_{t_{k}}, \delta t=t_{k+1}-t_{k}$ small enough. As no cash is injected between $t_{k}$ and $t_{k+1}$, our portfolio is called self-financing. By setting $\bar{\pi}{t{k}} \equiv e^{-r t_{k}} \pi_{t_{k}}$ and $\bar{S}{t{k}} \equiv e^{-r t_{k}} S_{t_{k}}$, we obtain the variation of the discounted portfolio
$$\delta \tilde{\pi}{t{k}}=H_{t_{k}} \delta \tilde{S}{t{k},}, \delta \tilde{S}{t{k}} \equiv \tilde{S}{t{k+1}}-\tilde{S}{t{k}}$$
Here the state of information evolves over time and is described by a filtration $\mathcal{F}=\left(\mathcal{F}{t{1}}, \ldots, \mathcal{F}{t{n}}\right)$ where the $\sigma$-algebra $\mathcal{F}_{t}$ is the set of events that will be known to be true or false. We take here $\mathcal{F}{t{k}}=\sigma\left(S_{0}, \ldots, S_{t_{k}}\right)$ the natural filtration. $H_{k}=H_{k}\left(S_{0}, \ldots, S_{t_{k}}\right)$ is adapted, i.e., a measurable function with respect to $\mathcal{F}{t{k}}$ : we don’t look into the future. If we now assume that the trader sells an option with payoff $F_{T}$ at the price $C$ at $t=0$ and then delta-hedges his position at the intermediate dates $t_{0} \equiv 0<t_{1}<\ldots<t_{n} \equiv T$, we get
$$e^{-r T} \pi_{T}=-e^{-r T} F_{T}+C+\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} H_{t_{k}}\left(S_{0}, \ldots, S_{t_{k}}\right) \delta \bar{S}{t{k}}$$
By playing the same game as in Theorem 1.1, we obtain the dual expression:

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Black–Scholes replication

Here we assume some familiarity with stochastic analysis. However, this section is not needed for the rest of the book and therefore can be skipped (see however the expression of the Black-Scholes formula). We consider that $S_{t}$ is modeled by a log-normal process under $\mathbb{P}^{\text {hist. }}$ :
$$\frac{d S_{t}}{S_{t}}=\mu d t+\sigma d W_{t}^{\mathrm{P}^{\text {hint }}}$$
$\mathcal{M}{\infty}$ corresponds to the set of $\mathbb{Q}$-martingale measure equivalent to Phist $^{\text {. From }}$ the Girsanov theorem (see e.g. $[130]), \mathcal{M}{\infty}$ reduces to a singleton $\left{\mathbb{Q}^{\mathrm{BS}}\right}$ under which
$$\frac{d S_{t}}{S_{t}}=r d t+\sigma d W_{t}^{\mathrm{Q}^{\mathrm{BS}}}$$ We conclude that there is a unique arbitrage-free price (independent of $\mu$ compare with formula (1.6)):
$$C=\mathbb{E}^{\mathrm{Q}^{\mathrm{BS}}}\left[e^{-r T} F_{T}\right]$$
We deduce also that the payoff can be dynamically hedged:
$$-e^{-r T} F_{T}+C+\int_{0}^{T} \partial_{S_{t}} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{Q}^{\mathrm{BS}}}\left[e^{-r(T-t)} F_{T} \mid S_{t}\right] d \tilde{S}{t}=0, \quad \text { Phist }^{-a . s .}$$ Note that for a call payoff $F{T}=\left(S_{T}-K\right)^{+}$, we obtain the Black-Scholes formula.

We assume that $T$-Vanilla options on each asset are traded on the market. They are specified by a payoff $\lambda\left(S_{T}\right)$ at a maturity $T$. In practice, these Vanilla payoffs can be replicated by holding a strip of put/call $T$-Vanillas through the Taylor expansion formula [38]:
\begin{aligned} \lambda\left(S_{T}\right)=\lambda\left(S_{0}\right)+\lambda^{\prime}\left(S_{0}\right)\left(S_{T}-S_{0}\right) &+\int_{0}^{S_{\mathrm{a}}} \lambda^{\prime \prime}(K)\left(K-S_{T}\right)^{+} d K \ &+\int_{S_{0}}^{\infty} \lambda^{\prime \prime}(K)\left(S_{T}-K\right)^{+} d K \end{aligned}
where $\left(K-S_{T}\right)^{+}\left(\right.$resp. $\left.\left(S_{T}-K\right)^{+}\right)$is the payoff of a put (resp. call). Derivatives $\lambda^{\prime \prime}(K)$ are understood in the distribution sense. We then assume that the pricing operator $\Pi[\cdot]$ (used by market operators to value Vanillas) is linear meaning that
$$\Pi\left[\sum_{i} \lambda_{i}\left(S_{T}-K_{i}\right)^{+}\right]=\sum_{i} \lambda_{i} \Pi\left[\left(S_{T}-K_{i}\right)^{+}\right]$$

Moreover, from the no-arbitrage condition, we should have that
$$\Pi[1]=e^{-r T}, \quad \Pi\left[S_{T}\right]=S_{0}$$
Also, still from the no-arbitrage condition, $\Pi\left[\left(S_{T}-K\right)^{+}\right]$should be nonincreasing, convex with respect to $K$ and $\Pi\left[\left(S_{T}-K\right)^{+}\right] \geq\left(S_{0}-K e^{-r T}\right)^{+}$. From Riesz’s representation theorem (with the additional requirement that the market price of a call option with strike $K$ goes to 0 as $K \rightarrow \infty$ ), this implies that there exists a probability $\mathbb{P}^{m k t}$ such that
$$C(K) \equiv \Pi\left[\left(S_{T}-K\right)^{+}\right]=\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{\mathrm{mkt}}}\left[e^{-r T}\left(S_{T}-K\right)^{+}\right]$$
with $\mathbb{E}^{\text {prkt }}\left[e^{-r T} S_{T}\right]=S_{0}$.
Below and in the rest of the book, for the sake of simplicity, we take $r=0$. This can be easily relaxed by including in the formulas below a multiplicative factor $e^{-r T}$.

From the linear property, the market price of the payoff $\lambda\left(S_{T}\right)$, inferred from market prices of put/call options, is
\begin{aligned} \Pi\left[\lambda\left(S_{T}\right)\right]=\mathbb{E}^{\mathrm{P}^{\mathrm{mkt}}}\left[\lambda\left(S_{T}\right)\right] &=\lambda\left(S_{0}\right)+\int_{0}^{S_{0}} \lambda^{\prime \prime}(K) \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{\mathrm{mkt}}}\left[\left(K-S_{T}\right)^{+}\right] d K \ &+\int_{S_{0}}^{\infty} \lambda^{\prime \prime}(K) \mathbb{E}^{\mathrm{P}^{\mathrm{mkt}}}\left[\left(S_{T}-K\right)^{+}\right] d K \end{aligned}

## 离散时间鞅理论代考

d圆周率吨ķ=(圆周率吨ķ−H吨ķ小号吨ķ)rd吨+H吨ķd小号吨ķ =圆周率吨ķrd吨+H吨ķ(d小号吨ķ−小号吨ķrd吨)

d圆周率~吨ķ=H吨ķd小号~吨ķ,,d小号~吨ķ≡小号~吨ķ+1−小号~吨ķ

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Black–Scholes replication

d小号吨小号吨=μd吨+σd在吨磷暗示

d小号吨小号吨=rd吨+σd在吨问乙小号我们得出结论，存在一个独特的无套利价格（独立于μ与公式（1.6）比较）：

C=和问乙小号[和−r吨F吨]

−和−r吨F吨+C+∫0吨∂小号吨和问乙小号[和−r(吨−吨)F吨∣小号吨]d小号~吨=0, 费斯特 −一个.s.请注意，对于电话收益F吨=(小号吨−ķ)+，我们得到 Black-Scholes 公式。

λ(小号吨)=λ(小号0)+λ′(小号0)(小号吨−小号0)+∫0小号一个λ′′(ķ)(ķ−小号吨)+dķ +∫小号0∞λ′′(ķ)(小号吨−ķ)+dķ

C(ķ)≡圆周率[(小号吨−ķ)+]=和磷米ķ吨[和−r吨(小号吨−ķ)+]

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写离散时间鞅理论martingale代写方面经验极为丰富，各种离散时间鞅理论martingale相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

By choosing a log-normal distribution (with drift $\mu$ and volatility $\sigma$ ) for $\mathbb{P}^{\text {hist }}$, we can show that the seller’s super-replication price of a call option is $S_{0}$. The reader should remark that from Jensen’s inequality we have also for all $\mathbb{Q} \in \mathcal{M}{1}$, $$C{\mathrm{buy}}=\left(S_{0}-K e^{-r T}\right)^{+} \leq \mathbb{E}^{Q}\left[e^{-r T}\left(S_{T}-K\right)^{+}\right] \leq C_{\mathrm{sel}}=S_{0}$$
This seller super-replication’s price is very expensive as it is identical to the price of a forward contract that it is the option that delivers $S_{T}$ at the maturity. It is therefore fairly unexpected that a (reasonable) client is willing to accept to pay a call option at the same price as a forward contract for which the payoff super-replicates at maturity those of a call option $\left(S_{T}-K\right)^{+} \leq S_{T}$. In this section, we disregard the super-replication approach in this respect and fix $C$ and $H$ such that the variance of $\pi_{T}$ for a payoff $F_{T}$ is minimised under the constraint $\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{\text {hist }}}\left[\pi_{T}\right]=0$ (i.e., fixed return):

DEFINITION 1.8 Mean-variance hedging The mean-variance hedging is defined as the following quadratic programming problem:
$$P_{\text {quad }} \equiv \inf {C, H \text { s.t. } \mathbb{E}^{\text {phiat }}}[\pi T]=0 \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{\text {hiat }}}\left[\pi{T}^{2}\right]$$
As the cost $\mathbb{E}^{\mathrm{Phist}^{h}}\left[\pi_{T}^{2}\right]$ (resp. the constraint $\mathbb{E}^{\mathrm{Ph}^{\text {int }}}\left[\pi_{T}\right]=0$ ) is a quadratic (resp. linear) form with respect to $C$ and $H,(1.16)$ defines a quadratic programming problem. The constraint $\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{\text {hint }}}\left[\pi_{T}\right]=0$ gives
$$C_{\text {quad }}=e^{-r T} \mathbb{E}^{\mathrm{p}^{\text {hint }}}\left[F_{T}\right]-H \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{\text {hiat }}}\left[\left(S_{T} e^{-r T}-S_{0}\right)\right]$$
where $C_{\text {quad }}$ is the minimizer in (1.16). The first term corresponds to our insurance price $C_{\text {ins. }}$. Computing the infimum over $H$ of $E\left[\pi_{T}^{2}\right]$ with $C=C_{\text {quad }}$, we obtain
$$\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{\text {hint }}}\left[\pi_{T}\left(S_{T}-\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{\text {hist }}}\left[S_{T}\right]\right)\right]=0$$
where we have used $e^{-r T} \partial_{H} \pi_{T}=e^{-r T}\left(S_{T}-\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}^{\text {hist }}}\left[S_{T}\right]\right)$. This is equivalent to
Finally,

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Quantile hedging

Quantile hedging consists in replacing Definition $1.1$ of the seller’s price by the following:
$$C_{p}=\inf \left{C: \exists H \text { s.t. } \mathbb{P h}^{\text {ist }}\left[\pi_{T} \geq 0\right] \geq p\right.$$
and $C+H\left(S_{T} e^{-r T}-S_{0}\right) \geq 0, \quad \mathbb{P}^{\text {hist }}-$ a.s. $}$
$p \in[0,1]$ is interpreted as the probability of super-replicating the claim $F_{T}$ under the historical measure. Here we have added the constraint that the trader’s portfolio should be greater than a threshold $-L$ :
$$C+H\left(S_{T} e^{-r T}-S_{0}\right) \geq-L$$
For convenience, we have chosen $L=0$, this can be easily modified.
By definition, $C_{1}=C_{\text {sel }}$, the super-replication price for $F_{T} \geq 0$. $C_{\text {sel }}$ can be very high – recall for instance that the super-replication price of a call option equals $S_{0}$. In the quantile hedging approach, we only impose that the payoff can be super-replicated with a probability $p$. In their seminal paper [75], Föllmer and Leukert show that the corresponding optimal strategy consists in superhedging a modified payoff. More precisely, we have.

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Utility indifference price

We introduce an utility function $U$, which is strictly increasing and concave. We consider the value $u(x, 0)$ of the supremum over all hedging portfolios starting from the initial capital $x$ of the expectation of the utility of the discounted final wealth under the historical measure $\mathbb{P}^{h i s t}$ :
$$u(x, 0) \equiv \sup {H} \mathbb{E}^{\mathrm{P}^{\text {hint }}}\left[U\left(x-H\left(e^{-r T} S{T}-S_{0}\right)\right)\right]$$
Similarly, the value $u\left(x-C, F_{T}\right)$ is defined for a claim $F_{T}$ as
$$u\left(x-C, F_{T}\right) \equiv \sup {H} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P h}^{\mathrm{iixt}}}\leftU\left(x-C+e^{-r T} F{T}-H\left(e^{-r T} S_{T}-S_{0}\right)\right)\right$$
The utility indifference buyer’s price, as introduced by Hodges-Neuberger $[107]$, is the quantity $C_{\mathrm{HN}}$ such that
DEFINITION 1.10 Utility indifference buyer’s price
$$u(x, 0)=u\left(x-C_{\mathrm{HN}}, F_{T}\right)$$
This means that a buyer should accept quoting a price for the claim $F_{T}$ when buying and delta-hedging this derivative becomes as profitable as setting up a pure delta strategy. The expression $u\left(x-C, F_{T}\right)$ can be dualized into
THEOREM $1.5$
$$u\left(x-C, F_{T}\right)=\inf {\mathbb{Q} \in \mathcal{M}{1}} \mathbb{E}^{\mathrm{Q}}\left[\left(e^{-r T^{T}} F_{T}+x-C\right)+\frac{d \mathbb{P}^{\text {Pist }}}{d \mathbb{Q}} U^{}\left(\frac{d \mathbb{Q}}{d P^{2} i s t}\right)\right]$$ with $U^{}(p) \equiv \sup {x \in \mathbb{R}}{U(x)-p x}$ the Legendre-Fenchel transform of $U$. The functions $U$ and $U^{}$ also satisfy the conjugate relation: $U(x)=\inf {p \in \mathbb{R}_{+}}{p x+$ $\left.U^{}(p)\right}$

## 离散时间鞅理论代考

Cb在是=(小号0−ķ和−r吨)+≤和问[和−r吨(小号吨−ķ)+]≤Cs和l=小号0

C四边形 =和−r吨和p暗示 [F吨]−H和磷嗨 [(小号吨和−r吨−小号0)]

## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Quantile hedging

C_{p}=\inf \left{C: \exists H \text { st } \mathbb{P h}^{\text {ist }}\left[\pi_{T} \geq 0\right] \geq p\对。$$和 C+H\left(S_{T} e^{-r T}-S_{0}\right) \geq 0, \quad \mathbb{P}^{\text {hist }}-因为 } p \in[0,1] 被解释为在历史度量下超级复制声明 F_{T} 的概率。在这里，我们添加了交易者的投资组合应大于阈值 -L 的约束：C_{p}=\inf \left{C: \exists H \text { st } \mathbb{P h}^{\text {ist }}\left[\pi_{T} \geq 0\right] \geq p\对。$$ 和 $C+H\left(S_{T} e^{-r T}-S_{0}\right) \geq 0, \quad \mathbb{P}^{\text {hist }}-$因为 $}$ $p \in[0,1]$ 被解释为在历史度量下超级复制声明 $F_{T}$ 的概率。在这里，我们添加了交易者的投资组合应大于阈值 $-L$ 的约束：
C+H\left(S_{T} e^{-r T}-S_{0}\right) \geq-L
$$为方便起见，我们选择大号=0, 这可以很容易地修改。 根据定义，C1=C这个 ，超复制价格为F吨≥0. C这个 可能非常高——例如，看涨期权的超复制价格等于小号0. 在分位数对冲方法中，我们只强加收益可以以一定的概率进行超级复制p. 在他们的开创性论文 [75] 中，Föllmer 和 Leukert 表明，相应的最优策略包括对修改后的收益进行超对冲。更准确地说，我们有。 ## 统计代写|离散时间鞅理论代写martingale代考|Utility indifference price 我们引入一个效用函数在，它是严格递增和凹的。我们考虑价值在(X,0)从初始资本开始的所有套期保值投资组合的上限X在历史测度下，折现后的最终财富的效用预期磷H一世s吨 : 在(X,0)≡支持H和磷暗示 [在(X−H(和−r吨小号吨−小号0))] 同样，值在(X−C,F吨)为索赔定义F吨as$$
u\left(xC, F_{T}\right) \equiv \sup {H} \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P h}^{\mathrm{iixt}}}\left U\left (x-C+e^{-r T} F{T}-H\left(e^{-r T} S_{T}-S_{0}\right)\right)\right

u(x, 0)=u\left(x-C_{\mathrm{HN}}, F_{T}\right)

u\left(xC, F_{T}\right)=\inf {\mathbb{Q} \in \mathcal{M}{1}} \mathbb{E}^{\mathrm{Q}}\left[\左(e^{-r T^{T}} F_{T}+xC\right)+\frac{d \mathbb{P}^{\text {Pist }}}{d \mathbb{Q}} U ^{}\left(\frac{d \mathbb{Q}}{d P^{2} ist}\right)\right]  与在(p)≡支持X∈R在(X)−pXLegendre-Fenchel 变换在. 功能在和在也满足共轭关系：U(x)=\inf {p \in \mathbb{R}_{+}}{p x+\left.U^{}(p)\right}

## 有限元方法代写

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## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。