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建筑史是对建筑学的研究，因为它在几个世纪以来，在许多不同的景观和文化中不断演变。建筑史可以追溯到古代美索不达米亚人、埃及人、希腊文明等，是一部全球历史。
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我们提供的建筑史Historical and Cultural Developments of Cities and their Architecture及其相关学科的代写，服务范围广, 其中包括但不限于:
- Statistical Inference 统计推断
- Statistical Computing 统计计算
- Advanced Probability Theory 高等概率论
- Advanced Mathematical Statistics 高等数理统计学
- (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
- Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
- Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
- Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础
建筑代写|建筑史代写Historical and Cultural Developments of Cities and their Architecture代考|Beneath and Between
The term infrastructure is an ambiguous and drifting signifier. This ambiguity has led to several key challenges for scholars of the built environment. The first challenge has to do with the ambit of the word itself. Nineteenth-century French engineers coined the term to refer to the substrate of support for rail lines-the structure beneath the structure. ${ }^1$ The term spread through transatlantic and colonizing networks, particularly among civil engineers engaged in road building and water projects, as well as military officers concerned with defense works and territorial control. Gradually it came to refer not only to structures below, but also between-physical networks connecting one node or place to another in a system. Today, we regard infrastructure as both visible and invisible, below and between, material and immaterial. It is no longer just the packed gravel substrate under the train tracks, it is also the train tracks themselves, and it is the switches, signals, chronometers, sheds, rotundas, terminals, and operational standards that comprise the system of rail transit, and it is the bodies, social relations, and visions of the world remade by high velocity travel. ${ }^2$
Another challenge has to do with the application of the term. Even as the concept of infrastructure expanded to include more artifacts, it also came to be used retrospectively to account for structures built long before the advent of the term. Thus, the term is freighted with assumptions built into the modern Enlightenment project in which it was born-assumptions such as progress through technology and the superiority of scientific reason over other knowledge forms. Scholars have too often read these assumptions backward into accounts of infrastructure in ways that justify Eurocentric notions of civilization, development, and empire. The expansion of European and U.S. hegemony over the last five centuries has been embedded in and accompanied by self-justifying narratives that view power as the inevitable outcome of technological superiority. Even as this so-called modern world became fractured by successive world wars, faith in progress and the embrace of the “technological sublime” survived and spread globally. ${ }^3$ And while the term infrastructure has been applied retrospectively, it has also become a standard element in projections of the future. U.S. Presidential advisor and economist Walter Rostow’s “stages of growth” encapsulates this vision of a world “modernized” and “improved” through the adoption of Western technology and infrastructure ${ }^4$
Finally, researchers must contend with the reality that while the term refers to connecting affordances, those very affordances often become resonant places in their own right, thickened with significance and leavened over time through countless repeated uses. ${ }^5$ The oldest known bridge in the world at Argolis was constructed by a Bronze Age Mycenaean Greek community to span a stream and carry chariots along the highway connecting Tiryns and Epidauros. It remains in use today, its irregular corbel arch settled comfortably into the Peloponnesian landscape. The two cities that it connected and helped to grow, however, lay in deposition, long since abandoned. But the bridge stands as a beloved local site and tourist attraction. Similarly, the Galata Bridge (now in its fifth iteration, see Figure 0.1) facilitates the flow of people and vehicles across the Golden Horn, connecting Sultanahmet and Beyoğlu. But the bridge itself is a lively destination, a platform for strolling, fishing, and taking in the breeze off the Bosporus.
Despite these challenges, or perhaps because of them, the term has opened up felicitous ways of describing the designed and built world. While it may be overdoing it to declare an “infrastructure turn” in scholarship, infrastructure nevertheless presents a critically important field for investigation as a key affordance in the production of both space and mobility over time. ${ }^6 \mathrm{~A}$ focus on infrastructure allows us to attend to the details of complex socio-technical systems and built environments-the connectors, the interstitial networks, the nodes that amplify, compress, and switch the flows. And not just material objects, but the invisible pathways, lines of force, and radiant fields that they produce, and the varied relations that emerge through the interconnected web of locations, practices, and things. By centering infrastructure we open ourselves to new stories, new ways of looking at the world.
建筑代写|建筑史代写Historical and Cultural Developments of Cities and their Architecture代考|Design Stories
The core purpose of this volume is to tell new stories about the design of infrastructure. And we tell these stories from an intellectual space animated but not confined by architectural history. What can the perspective of architectural history provide in the way of deeper understandings of infrastructure design? What might a sustained study of infrastructure contribute to architectural history, and how might architectural history provide us with new insights and ways of apprehending infrastructure? To answer these questions, we have to think through what we mean by architectural history as an intellectual project and design as a human endeavor.
In this volume, we take a broad view of design as a neurocognitive capacity shared by all humans. Engagement in design tasks activates particular neuropathways associated with ideation, trial and error learning, task set configuration, and visual-spatial information processing. ${ }^7$ Through design, we amplify our ability to connect our imagination with action in the world in order to transform that world to suit a desired outcome. In this sense, design is related but not reducible to “problem-solving,” a closed loop activity where the variables in a situation are known, as when we find a rock and use it to break open a nut. Rather, design is an open process characterized by an ability to identify and discern between changing variables, as when we hold the same rock and see sonething different in vur mind’s eye embedded within the it-the arrowhead, the axe blade, the adornment. In practice, it is a form of abductive reasoning based on iteration, prototyping, and movement between general and specific propositions. It is an inherently futuring cognitive affordance. Like language or perception, design may be more or less advanced from one individual to the next, more or less facilitated by neurophysiology, but every person has the capacity to design. ${ }^8$
Given that design is a fundamental human capacity, architecture, as the design of built form, is a practice broadly shared within and across cultures. In popular lexicon, architecture is often used to refer to unique, geospatially fixed buildings designed by professionally credentialed architects-the grand edifice, the monument, the iconographic structure. Likewise, definitions of architecture by architects tend to re-enforce their status as creative geniuses responsible for transcendent works of art. As Jay Pritzker famously declared, “architecture is intended to transcend the simple need for shelter and security by becoming an expression of artistry.” Such a definition implies that shelter and security are “simple needs,” rather than immensely complex and creative human endeavors, and that the development of human habitat is devoid of artistry unless it involves the work of an architect. While great monuments and edifices certainly count as expressions of architecture, architecture itself is not reducible to such thetic expression grounded in human social relations. These practices unfold along continuum from professional to untrained, fixed to mobile, unique to repetitive, integral to modular and permanent to momentary. Architecture emerges from and reflects constant negotiation among people over the production of space, the terms of exchange, the vectors of mobility, and the making of lived worlds. ${ }^{10}$ The task of architectural history is to account for these negotiations over time, and the artifacts, spatial forms, and social relations that they engender.
建筑史代考
建筑代写|建筑史代写Historical and Cultural Developments of Cities and their Architecture代考|Beneath and Between
基础设施一词是一个模棱两可且飘忽不定的能指。这种模糊性给建筑环境学者带来了几个关键挑战。第一个挑战与这个词本身的范围有关。十九世纪的法国工程师创造了这个词来指代铁路线的支撑基底——结构下方的结构。1该术语通过跨大西洋和殖民网络传播，特别是在从事道路建设和水利工程的土木工程师以及与国防工程和领土控制有关的军官中。逐渐地，它不仅指代下面的结构，而且指代连接系统中一个节点或地点与另一个节点的物理网络之间的网络。今天，我们将基础设施视为可见和不可见、下方和之间、物质和非物质。它不再只是火车轨道下的填充砾石基质，它也是火车轨道本身，它是构成轨道交通系统的开关、信号、计时器、棚、圆形大厅、终点站和运营标准，以及它是由高速旅行重塑的世界的身体、社会关系和愿景。2
另一个挑战与该术语的应用有关。即使基础设施的概念扩展到包括更多的人工制品，它也开始被追溯用于解释早在该术语出现之前建造的结构。因此，该术语承载了现代启蒙运动项目中的假设，例如技术进步和科学理性优于其他知识形式的假设。学者们经常以证明欧洲中心主义文明、发展和帝国概念的方式，将这些假设倒读到基础设施的考虑中。在过去五个世纪中，欧洲和美国霸权的扩张已经嵌入并伴随着自我辩解的叙述，这些叙述将权力视为技术优势的必然结果。3虽然基础设施一词已被追溯应用，但它也已成为未来预测的标准要素。美国总统顾问兼经济学家沃尔特·罗斯托（Walter Rostow）的“成长阶段”概括了通过采用西方技术和基础设施实现世界“现代化”和“改善”的愿景4
最后，研究人员必须面对这样一个现实，虽然该术语指的是连接可供性，但这些可供性本身往往会成为引起共鸣的地方，随着时间的推移，通过无数次重复使用而变得更加重要和发酵。5Argolis 是世界上已知最古老的桥梁，由青铜时代的迈锡尼希腊社区建造，横跨一条溪流，沿着连接 Tiryns 和 Epidauros 的高速公路运送战车。它今天仍在使用，其不规则的牛腿拱形舒适地融入了伯罗奔尼撒半岛的景观。然而，它连接并帮助发展的两个城市早已被废弃。但这座桥是当地人喜爱的景点和旅游景点。同样，加拉塔大桥（现在是第五次迭代，见图 0.1）促进了金角湾的人员和车辆流动，连接了苏丹阿合麦特和贝尤奥卢。但这座桥本身就是一个热闹的目的地，一个散步、钓鱼和享受博斯普鲁斯海峡微风的平台。
尽管存在这些挑战，或者可能是因为这些挑战，该术语已经开辟了描述设计和建造世界的恰当方式。虽然在学术上宣布“基础设施转向”可能有些过头，但基础设施仍然是一个至关重要的研究领域，作为随着时间的推移产生空间和移动性的关键可供性。6 一个对基础设施的关注使我们能够关注复杂的社会技术系统和建筑环境的细节——连接器、间隙网络、放大、压缩和切换流的节点。不仅仅是物质对象，还有它们产生的无形路径、力线和辐射场，以及通过位置、实践和事物的相互关联的网络出现的各种关系。通过以基础设施为中心，我们向新故事、看待世界的新方式敞开大门。
建筑代写|建筑史代写Historical and Cultural Developments of Cities and their Architecture代考|Design Stories
本卷的核心目的是讲述有关基础设施设计的新故事。我们从一个充满活力但不受建筑历史限制的知识空间讲述这些故事。建筑史的视角可以为更深入地理解基础设施设计提供什么？对基础设施的持续研究可能对建筑史有什么贡献，建筑史如何为我们提供理解基础设施的新见解和方法？为了回答这些问题，我们必须仔细思考我们所说的建筑史作为一项智力项目和设计作为一项人类努力的含义。
在本卷中，我们将设计视为所有人共享的神经认知能力。参与设计任务会激活与构思、试错学习、任务集配置和视觉空间信息处理相关的特定神经通路。7通过设计，我们增强了将想象力与世界行动联系起来的能力，以改变世界以适应预期的结果。从这个意义上说，设计与“解决问题”相关，但不能简化为“解决问题”，这是一种已知情况下的变量的闭环活动，就像我们找到一块石头并用它来敲开一个坚果一样。更确切地说，设计是一个开放的过程，其特点是能够识别和辨别变化的变量，就像当我们拿着同一块石头，在我们的头脑中看到嵌入它的不同事物时——箭头、斧头、装饰品。在实践中，它是一种基于迭代、原型设计以及在一般命题和特定命题之间移动的溯因推理形式。这是一种内在的未来认知可供性。就像语言或感知一样，8
鉴于设计是人类的基本能力，建筑作为建筑形式的设计，是一种在文化内部和跨文化广泛共享的实践。在流行的词典中，建筑通常被用来指代由专业认证的建筑师设计的独特的、地理空间固定的建筑物——宏伟的大厦、纪念碑、图像结构。同样，建筑师对建筑的定义往往会强化他们作为负责超越艺术作品的创造性天才的地位。正如杰伊·普利兹克 (Jay Pritzker) 所说的那样，“建筑旨在通过成为一种艺术表达来超越对庇护和安全的简单需求。” 这样的定义意味着住所和安全是“简单的需求”，而不是极其复杂和创造性的人类努力，除非涉及建筑师的工作，否则人类栖息地的发展缺乏艺术性。虽然伟大的纪念碑和大厦当然算作建筑的表达，但建筑本身并不能简化为这种以人类社会关系为基础的主题表达。这些实践从专业到未经训练，从固定到移动，从独特到重复，从整体到模块化，从永久到暂时的连续体展开。建筑产生于并反映了人们之间关于空间生产、交换条件、流动性的载体和生活世界的创造的不断协商。这些实践从专业到未经训练，从固定到移动，从独特到重复，从整体到模块化，从永久到暂时的连续体展开。建筑产生于并反映了人们之间关于空间生产、交换条件、流动性的载体和生活世界的创造的不断协商。这些实践从专业到未经训练，从固定到移动，从独特到重复，从整体到模块化，从永久到暂时的连续体展开。建筑产生于并反映了人们之间关于空间生产、交换条件、流动性的载体和生活世界的创造的不断协商。10建筑史的任务是解释这些随着时间的推移而产生的协商，以及它们产生的人工制品、空间形式和社会关系。
统计代写请认准statistics-lab™. statistics-lab™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。
金融工程代写
金融工程是使用数学技术来解决金融问题。金融工程使用计算机科学、统计学、经济学和应用数学领域的工具和知识来解决当前的金融问题，以及设计新的和创新的金融产品。
非参数统计代写
非参数统计指的是一种统计方法，其中不假设数据来自于由少数参数决定的规定模型；这种模型的例子包括正态分布模型和线性回归模型。
广义线性模型代考
广义线性模型（GLM）归属统计学领域，是一种应用灵活的线性回归模型。该模型允许因变量的偏差分布有除了正态分布之外的其它分布。
术语 广义线性模型（GLM）通常是指给定连续和/或分类预测因素的连续响应变量的常规线性回归模型。它包括多元线性回归，以及方差分析和方差分析（仅含固定效应）。
有限元方法代写
有限元方法（FEM）是一种流行的方法，用于数值解决工程和数学建模中出现的微分方程。典型的问题领域包括结构分析、传热、流体流动、质量运输和电磁势等传统领域。
有限元是一种通用的数值方法，用于解决两个或三个空间变量的偏微分方程（即一些边界值问题）。为了解决一个问题，有限元将一个大系统细分为更小、更简单的部分，称为有限元。这是通过在空间维度上的特定空间离散化来实现的，它是通过构建对象的网格来实现的：用于求解的数值域，它有有限数量的点。边界值问题的有限元方法表述最终导致一个代数方程组。该方法在域上对未知函数进行逼近。[1] 然后将模拟这些有限元的简单方程组合成一个更大的方程系统，以模拟整个问题。然后，有限元通过变化微积分使相关的误差函数最小化来逼近一个解决方案。
tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。
随机分析代写
随机微积分是数学的一个分支，对随机过程进行操作。它允许为随机过程的积分定义一个关于随机过程的一致的积分理论。这个领域是由日本数学家伊藤清在第二次世界大战期间创建并开始的。
时间序列分析代写
随机过程，是依赖于参数的一组随机变量的全体，参数通常是时间。 随机变量是随机现象的数量表现，其时间序列是一组按照时间发生先后顺序进行排列的数据点序列。通常一组时间序列的时间间隔为一恒定值（如1秒，5分钟，12小时，7天，1年），因此时间序列可以作为离散时间数据进行分析处理。研究时间序列数据的意义在于现实中，往往需要研究某个事物其随时间发展变化的规律。这就需要通过研究该事物过去发展的历史记录，以得到其自身发展的规律。
回归分析代写
多元回归分析渐进（Multiple Regression Analysis Asymptotics）属于计量经济学领域，主要是一种数学上的统计分析方法，可以分析复杂情况下各影响因素的数学关系，在自然科学、社会和经济学等多个领域内应用广泛。
MATLAB代写
MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习和应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。