### 统计代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|BINF7003

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写数据可视化Data visualization方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写数据可视化Data visualization代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写数据可视化Data visualization相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 统计代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|In the Beginning

It was only much later that words for objects and concepts found a physical expression in inscriptions, initially as pictographs on clay tablets in Mesopotamia around 3100 BCE and independently in Egypt, China, and elsewhere. These were picture-writing systems: a sequence of pictographs, ${ }^{1}$ such as Egyptian hieroglyphs, could be used to tell a story of a conquest or the life of a pharaoh or even record the mundane facts of a harvest or a debt.

Written language originated in pictures. Like later alphabetic writing systems, the key feature was that they were productive: A limited number of iconic symbols could be used to express a nearly infinite number of thoughts and ideas. However, the first physical inscriptions did not appear as a sign by the watering hole warning of a lion or in a marriage proposal; rather, they were used to record numbers.

The idea of a number is very old indeed, and ancient ways of writing down numbers can be traced back to Paleolithic tally sticks (dating from the Aurignacian, approximately 30,000 years ago), in which notches were cut into a bone, ostensibly to represent counts of something of interest, such as to keep track of domestic animals. A notch was made when an animal was released to pasture; later, when it returned, the shepherd’s thumb would be moved down the stick, notch by notch. If the last returning animal ended with the last notch, the shepherd would be assured that all was well. Such a system, while a vast improvement on trusting counts to memory, had room for improvement. Adding an additional animal (a birth) was easy-just add another notch-but subtracting (due to a predator in the neighborhood or mutton for lunch) was more difficult and might require carving a new stick. Keeping separate track of different kinds of animals (say, goats and sheep) could be done with additional sticks for each type, but it would quickly become cumbersome to carry them around and to remember which was which.

Over time, the system of counting sticks evolved, as shown in Figure 1.1. Around 3300 BCE the Sumerians in Mesopotamia used cuneiform symbols on clay tablets to record information about trade and agriculture (Figure 1.1a). The pre-Columbian Incans in South America transformed counting sticks into quipus, which were ropes into which were tied knots that served the same role as notches. But knots could be untied, allowing subtraction (Figure 1.1b). Also, two or more such ropes, each representing a different kind of animal, could be tied together and easily carried wrapped around the waist or thrown over the shoulder.

## 统计代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|1 Some of the graphic forms used to represent numbers

(a) A clay cuneiform tablet dated as 3300-3100 BCE, giving an account of yields of barley; (b) quipus, a system of knots tied in ropes used by South American Incas, around $1000 \mathrm{CE}$; (c) symbols used in Mayan culture, around $500 \mathrm{CE}$, showing the numbers $0-19 ;$ (d) a scheme proposed by John W. Tukey (1977) to tally counts of observations by hand, using dots and lines in groups of 10. Sources: (a) Britannica.com; (b) L. Leland Locke, The Ancient Quipu, Washington, DC: The American Museum of Natural History, 1923, fig. $1_{\text {; }}$ (c) Neuromancer2K4 / Bryan Derksen / Wikimedia Commons / GNU Free Documentation License; (d) Pinethicket / Wikimedia Commons/GNU Free Documentation License.

The Mayan culture around 100 BCE used a sophisticated number system, probably the most advanced in the world at the time (Figure 1.1c). It used base 20 , most likely developed from counting on fingers and toes. The numerals from 0 to 19 used only three symbols, representing zero (a shell shape), one (a dot), and five (a horizontal bar). After the number 19, larger numbers were written in a vertical place value format using powers of $20: 1,20,400,8000$, and so on; thus, the number 826 was represented by symbols for $(2 \times 400)+$ $(1 \times 20)+6$. This made it relatively easy to both add and subtract.

## 统计代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|The Evolution of Pictures

Perhaps the best known of the very early examples of human visualizations are found in the Lascaux caves near the French village of Montignac in the Dorgogne region. The cave walls contain nearly 2,000 remarkable drawings of animals, human-like figures, and abstract or geometric signs, which carbon dating has estimated to be about 17,300 years old. The inhabitants of these caves were among the oldest known modern humans (Homo sapiens), called Cro-Magnon man.

A small section of what is now called the Chamber of the Bulls is shown in Plate 1. It is hard to get a sense of their majesty from this one image, but the collection is spectacular by any measure. Henri Édouard Prosper Breuil ${ }^{4}$ [1877-1961], the first archaeological expert to view the cave, called the drawings in the Axial Gallery of the cave “The Sistine Chapel of prehistoric man.” After seeing them in the public re-creation of Lascaux II, a modern viewer would find it difficult to ever again think of these ancestors as primitive people.

It may seem surprising for us to start this tour of the history of visualization so early, and with images, that, although impressive artistically, might be considered too far afield. Yet, there are deeper lessons here. When we view images from this history, our questions usually are: What were they thinking? Why did they draw them? What can we learn from them today? Indeed, such questions form a main theme of this book.

We can only speculate on these early cave paintings. A naive view suggests that they might reflect a celebratory display of past hunting success. But this is wrong-other evidence shows that these early dwellers in the Vézère valley hunted reindeer primarily, and there are no images of reindeer on the cave walls.

## 统计代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|1 Some of the graphic forms used to represent numbers

(a) 公元前 3300-3100 年的粘土楔形文字板，记载了大麦的产量；(b) quipus，一种系在南美印加人使用的绳索上的结系统，在1000C和; (c) 玛雅文化中使用的符号，周围500C和, 显示数字0−19;(d) John W. Tukey (1977) 提出的一种方案，使用 10 个一组的点和线来手动统计观察次数。资料来源：(a) Britannica.com；(b) L. Leland Locke，The Ancient Quipu，华盛顿特区：美国自然历史博物馆，1923 年，图。1; (c) Neuromancer2K4 / Bryan Derksen / Wikimedia Commons / GNU 自由文档许可证；(d) Pinethicket/Wikimedia Commons/GNU 自由文档许可证。

## 有限元方法代写

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## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。