## 计算机代写|图像处理代写Image Processing代考|GPY470

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写图像处理Image Processing方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写图像处理Image Processing代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写图像处理Image Processing相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 计算机代写|图像处理代写Image Processing代考|Dithering Technology

Half-tone output technology improves the resolution of the image amplitude by reducing the spatial resolution of the image or sacrificing the number of spatial points of the image to increase the number of gray levels of the image. It can be seen from the above discussion that if one wants to output an image with more gray levels, the spatial resolution of the image will be greatly reduced; if one wants to maintain a certain spatial resolution, the output gray level will be relatively small. That is, if one wants to preserve the spatial details, the number of gray levels cannot be too much. However, when the gray level of an image is relatively small, the visual quality of the image will be relatively poor, such as the appearance of false contours. To improve the quality of the image, dithering technology is often used, which improves the display quality of the quantized coarse image by adjusting or changing the amplitude value of the image.

Dithering can be achieved by adding a random small noise $d(x, y)$ to the original image $f(x, y)$. Since the value of $d(x, y)$ has no regular relationship with $f(x, y)$, it can help eliminate false contours in the image caused by insufficient quantization.

A specific method of dithering is as follows. Let $b$ be the number of bits in the image display, then the value of $d(x, y)$ can be obtained with uniform probability from the following 5 numbers: $-2^{(6-b)},-2^{(5-b)}, 0,-2^{(5-b)}$, and $2^{(6-b)}$. Adding the $b$ most significant bits of such a random small noise $d(x, y)$ to $f(x, y)$ provides the final output pixel values.

Figure $1.10$ shows a set of examples of dithering. Figure $1.10 \mathrm{a}$ is a part $(128 \times 128)$ of an original image with 256 gray levels (Figure 1.1a); Figure $1.10 \mathrm{~b}$ shows the output effect of half-tone printing at the same size as the original image, by using the $3 \times 3$ half-tone mask. Since there are only 10 gray levels now, there are obvious false contour phenomena in regions where the gray-level change is relatively slow, such as the face and shoulders (the original continuously changing gray levels seem to have sharply changed gray levels now). Figure $1.10 \mathrm{c}$ is the result of adjusting the original image using dithering technology, and the superimposed dithering value is evenly distributed in the interval $[-8,8]$; Figure 1.10d shows the output effect of half-tone printing of the same size image after the dithering technology is used for improvement. The false contour phenomenon has been amended.

## 计算机代写|图像处理代写Image Processing代考|Image Engineering

The above-mentioned technologies can be unified together and called image engineering (IE) technology. IE is a new interdisciplinary subject that systematically studies various image theories, technologies, and applications (Zhang 1996). From the perspective of its research methods, it can learn from many disciplines, such as mathematics, physics, physiology, psychology, electronics, and computer science. From the perspective of its research scope, it is related to and overlaps with many disciplines, such as pattern recognition, computer vision, and computer graphics. In addition, the research progress of IE is closely related to theories and technologies such as artificial intelligence, neural networks, genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, and machine learning. Its development and application are related to and indivisible with medicine, remote sensing, communication, document processing, industrial automation, and intelligent transportation, and so on.

If considering the characteristics of various IE technologies, they can be divided into three levels that are both connected and differentiated (as shown in Figure 1.12): image processing (IP) technology (Zhang 2017a), Image analysis (IA) technology (Zhang 2017b), and Image understanding (IU) technology (Zhang 2017c).

IP emphasizes the transformation between images. Although people often use IP to refer to various image technologies, the more narrowly defined IP mainly refers to various processing of images to improve the visual effect of the image and lay the foundation for automatic recognition or to compress and encode the image to reduce the storage required space or transmission time to meet the requirements of a given transmission path.

IA is mainly used to detect and measure objects of interest in the image to obtain their objective information to establish a description of the image. If IP is a process from image to image, then IA is a process from image to data. Here, the data can be the result of the measurement of the object feature, or a symbolic representation based on the measurement. They describe the characteristics and properties of the object in the image.

## 计算机代写|图像处理代写Image Processing代考|Image Engineering

IP强调图像之间的转换。虽然人们经常用IP来指代各种图像技术，但更狭义的IP主要是指对图像进行各种处理，以提高图像的视觉效果，为自动识别奠定基础，或者对图像进行压缩编码以减少存储空间。满足给定传输路径要求所需的空间或传输时间。

IA主要用于检测和测量图像中感兴趣的对象，获取其客观信息，建立对图像的描述。如果说IP是从图像到图像的过程，那么IA就是从图像到数据的过程。这里，数据可以是物体特征的测量结果，也可以是基于测量的符号表示。它们描述了图像中对象的特征和属性。

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 计算机代写|图像处理代写Image Processing代考|ECE6123

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写图像处理Image Processing方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写图像处理Image Processing代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写图像处理Image Processing相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 计算机代写|图像处理代写Image Processing代考|Half-Tone Output Technology

General printing equipment can only directly output binary images. For example, the grayscale output of a laser printer has only two levels (either printing, outputting black; or not printing, outputting white). To output a grayscale image on a binary image output device and maintain its original grayscale level, a technique called half-tone output is often used.
Half-tone output technology can be regarded as a technology that converts grayscale images into binary images. It converts various gray scales in the intended output image into a binary point mode so that the grayscale image can be output by a printing device that can only directly output binary points. At the same time, it takes advantage of the integrated characteristics of the human eye, by controlling the form of the output binary point pattern (including number, size, shape, etc.) to give people a visual sense of multiple gray levels. In other words, the image output by the half-tone output technology is still a binary image at a very fine scale, but due to the spatial local averaging effect of the eyes, what is perceived is a grayscale image at a coarser scale. For example, in a binary image, the gray level of each pixel is only white or black, but from a certain distance, the unit perceived hy the human eye is composed of multiple pixels, then the gray level perceived by the human eye is the average gray level of all pixels in this unit (proportional to the number of black pixels).

IIalf-tone output technology is mainly divided into two types: amplitude modulation (AM) technology and frequency modulation (FM) technology, which will be introduced separately below.

1. Amplitude modulation
In the beginning, the half-tone output technology proposed and used displays of different gray levels by adjusting the size of the output black dots, which can be called amplitude modulation (AM) half-tone output technology. For example, the pictures in the early newspapers used ink dots of different sizes on the grid to represent the gray scale. When viewed from a certain distance, a group of small ink dots can produce a brighter gray scale visual effect, while a group of large ink dots can produce a darker gray scale visual effect. In practice, the size of ink dots is inversely proportional to the gray scale being represented, that is, the dots printed in the bright image region are small, and the dots printed in the dark image region are larger. When the ink dot is small enough and the observation distance is long enough, the human eye can obtain a relatively continuous and smooth gray-scale image according to the integrated characteristics. In general, the resolution of pictures in newspapers is about 100 dots per inch (DPI), while the resolution of pictures in books or magazines is about 300 DPI.

A specific implementation method of half-tone output is to first subdivide the image output unit and combine the adjacent basic binary points to form the output unit so that each output unit contains several basic binary points. Let some basic binary points output black while other basic binary points output white to get different grayscale effects. In other words, to output different gray levels, a set of masks/templates needs to be established, and each mask corresponds to an output unit. Divide each mask into regular grids, and each grid corresponds to a basic binary point. By adjusting each basic binary point to black or white, each mask can output a different grayscale so as to achieve the purpose of outputting grayscale images.

If a mask is divided into $2 \times 2$ grids, five different gray levels can be output according to the way shown in Figure 1.7. If a mask is divided into $3 \times 3$ grids, ten different gray scales can be output according to the way shown in Figure 1.8. If a mask is divided into $4 \times 4$ grids, 17 different gray scales can be output according to the way shown in Figure 1.9. By analogy, if a mask is divided into $n \times n$ grids, then $n^2+1$ different gray levels can be output.
Because there are $C_k^n=n ! /(n-k) ! k !$ different methods for putting $k$ points into $n$ units, the arrangement of black points in these figures is not unique. Note that if a grid is black at a certain gray level, it will still be black in all outputs greater than that gray level.

Divide the mask into grids according to the above method, then to output 256 gray levels, a mask needs to be divided into $16 \times 16$ units, that is, $16 \times 16$ positions are used to represent one pixel. It can be seen that the spatial resolution of the output image will be greatly affected. It can be seen that the half-tone output technology is only worth using when the gray valuc output by the output dcvicc itsclf is limitcd, and it is a rcduction in spatial rcsolution in exchange for an increase in amplitude resolution. Assuming that each pixel in a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be white or black, each pixel requires one bit. Regarding this $2 \times 2$ matrix as a half-tone output unit, this unit needs 4 bits and can output 5 gray scales ( 16 modes).

## 计算机代写|图像处理代写Image Processing代考|Half-Tone Output Technology

II 半音输出技术主要分为调幅（AM）技术和调频（FM）技术两种，下面分别介绍。

1. 调幅
最初，半色调输出技术是通过调整输出黑点的大小来提出并使用不同灰度级的显示，可称为调幅（AM）半色调输出技术。例如，早期报纸上的图片是用网格上大小不一的墨点来表示灰度的。从一定距离观看，一组小墨点可以产生较亮的灰度视觉效果，而一组大墨点可以产生较暗的灰度视觉效果。在实际应用中，墨点的大小与所表现的灰度等级成反比，即图像亮的区域打印的网点小，图像暗的区域打印的网点大。当墨点足够小，观察距离足够远时，人眼可以根据综合特征得到相对连续、平滑的灰度图像。一般来说，报纸上图片的分辨率约为每英寸 100 点 (DPI)，而书籍或杂志上图片的分辨率约为 300 DPI。

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## 计算机代写|图像处理代写Image Processing代考|COMP345

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写图像处理Image Processing方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写图像处理Image Processing代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写图像处理Image Processing相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 计算机代写|图像处理代写Image Processing代考|IMAGE BASICS

First, some basic concepts and terminology related to images are reviewed.
1.1.1 Image Representation and Display
Let’s first introduce how to represent and display images.
1.1.1.1 Images and Pixels
The objective world is three-dimensional (3-D) in space, but the image obtained from the objective scene is generally two-dimensional (2-D). An image can be represented by a 2-D array $f(x, y)$, where $x$ and $y$ represent the position of a coordinate point in the 2-D space $X Y$, and $f$ represents the image value of a property $F$ at a certain point $(x, y)$. For example, $f$ in a grayscale image represents a gray value, which often corresponds to the observed brightness of an objective scene. Text images are often binary images, and there are only two values for $f$, corresponding to text and blank space, respectively. The image at the point $(x, y)$ can also have multiple properties at the same time. In this case, it can be represented by a vector $f$. For example, a color image has three values of red, green, and blue at each image point, which can be recorded as $\left[f_r(x, y), f_g(x, y), f_b(x, y)\right]$. It needs to be pointed out that people always use images according to the different properties at different positions in the image.

An image can represent the spatial distribution of radiant energy. This distribution can be a function of five variables $T(x, y, z, t, \lambda)$, where $x, y$, and $z$ are spatial variables, and $t$ represents time variables, $\lambda$ is wavelength (corresponding to the spectral variable). For example, a red object reflects light with a wavelength of $0.57-0.78 \mu \mathrm{m}$ and absorbs almost all energy of other wavelengths; a green object reflects light with a wavelength of $0.48-0.57 \mu \mathrm{m}$; a blue object reflects light with a wavelength of $0.40-0.48 \mu \mathrm{m}$. Ultraviolet (color) objects reflect light with a wavelength of $0.25-0.40 \mu \mathrm{m}$, and infrared (color) objects reflect light with a wavelength of $0.78-1.5 \mu \mathrm{m}$. Together, they cover a wavelength range of $0.25-1.5 \mu \mathrm{m}$. Since the actual image is finite in time and space, $T(x, y, z, t, \lambda)$ is a 5 -D finite function.

The images acquired in the early years are mostly continuous (analog), that is, the values of $f$, $x$, and $y$ can be any real numbers. With the invention of the computer and the development of electronic equipment, the acquired images are all discrete (digital) and can be processed directly by the computer. Someone once used $I(r, c)$ to represent a digital image, where the values of $I, r$, and $c$ are all integers. Here $I$ represents the discretized $f ;(r, c)$ represents the discretized $(x, y)$, where $r$ represents the image row, and $c$ represents the image column. The discussion in this book is related to digital images. Images or $f(x, y)$ are used to represent digital images without causing confusion. Unless otherwise specified, $f, x$, and $y$ are all taken their values in the integer set.

In the early days, the term “picture” was generally used to refer to images. With the development of digital technology, the term “image” is now used to represent a discretized “image” becausc “computcrs store numcrical images of a picturc or scenc” (Zhang 1996). Each basic unit in an image is called an image element, and in the early days, when the “picture” was used to represent an image, it was called a pixel. For 2-D images, “pel” has also been used to refer to the basic unit. If one collects a series of 2-D images or uses some special equipment, one can also get 3-D images. For 3-D images, voxel is often used to represent the basic unit. Someone has also suggested to use “imel” to represent various image units.

## 计算机代写|图像处理代写Image Processing代考|Resolution and Image Quality

Image quality is related to subjective and objective factors. In IP, the judgment of image quality often depends on human observation, but there are some related objective indicators. The most commonly used are the spatial resolution and amplitude resolution of the image.

The visual quality of an image is closely related to its spatial resolution and amplitude resolution. The following discusses the general situation in which the image quality deteriorates due to the decrease in the number of pixels and/or the number of gray-scale quantization levels.

Let’s take a look at how the visual quality of digital images deteriorates with the reduction of spatial resolution and amplitude resolution, to give some link between image quality and data volume.

For an image having more details with $512 \times 512$ pixels, 256 gray levels, if the number of gray levels is unchanged and only its spatial resolution (by pixel copy) is reduced to $256 \times 256$, a square checkerboard pattern may be seen at the boundaries of each region in the image, and the pixel particles become thicker in the whole image, which has a great influence on the texture region in the image. This effect is generally more obvious in the image of $128 \times 128$, and it is quite obvious in the image of $64 \times 64$ and image $32 \times 32$

Figure $1.4$ gives a set of image examples of the changing effect of spatial resolutions. Among them, the spatial resolution, the number of gray levels, and the amount of data of each image are shown in the columns of Table 1.1; the ratio of the amount of data between two adjacent images is also given in the corresponding two columns. Here, each image keeps the number of gray levels unchanged, and in turn, the spatial resolution of the previous image is successively halved in both horizontal and vertical directions.

1.1.1 图像表示与显示

1.1.1.1 图像和像素

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## CS代写|图像处理作业代写Image Processing代考|ECE6123

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写图像处理Image Processing方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写图像处理Image Processing代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写图像处理Image Processing相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## CS代写|图像处理作业代写Image Processing代考|Material Selection and Contents

This book focuses on (narrowly) IP (refer to Zhang 2017a) and selects seven types of technical fields and directions that are currently receiving widespread attention and are commonly used in many applications for introduction. They are as follows: (i) Image de-noising, (ii) Image de-blurring, (iii) Image repairing, (iv) Image de-fogging, (v) Image reconstruction from projection, (vi) Image watermarking, and (vii) Image super-resolution. Related terms appearing in the book can be found in (Zhang 2021).

Each chapter focuses on one type of technology. The following summarizes the contents of these seven chapters separately:

Chapter 2 introduces image denoising technology. Based on the analysis of common noise types and characteristics, it first summarizes some typical methods based on image filtering to eliminate noise and then discusses the selective filtering framework that can specifically eliminate different types of noise. It also introduces the switching median filtering methods and their improvements that have received a lot of research recently. Finally, some recent developments and further research are included.

Chapter 3 introduces image deblurring technology. After explaining the traditional image deblurring technology, the estimation of motion blur kernel with the help of a neural network and the deblurring method for low-resolution images are discussed. Finally, some recent developments and further research are included.

Chapter 4 introduces image inpainting technology. First, the origin of the name is explained, and then an algorithm combining sparse expression, a weighted sparse nonnegative matrix factorization algorithm and a context-driven hybrid method are introduced. Some recent developments have been introduced. Finally, some recent developments and further research are included.

Chapter 5 introduces the image defogging technology. First, it introduces the typical dark channel priori defogging algorithm and discusses some improvement techniques for its shortcomings. It also introduces the algorithm that focuses on reducing the distortion and the subjective and objective evaluation of the dehazing effect. Some recent developments have been introduced. Finally, some recent developments and further research are included.

Chapter 6 introduces techniques for image reconstruction from projections. First introduced different projection reconstruction methods, analyzed the principle of reconstructing images from projection, and then introduced methods such as inverse Fourier transform reconstruction, inverse projection reconstruction, and algebraic reconstruction in turn. Some recent developments have been introduced. Finally, some recent developments and further research are included.

Chapter 7 introduces image watermarking technology. After introducing the watermark embedding and detection process, the watermarking technology in the discrete cosine transform domain and the watermarking technology in the discrete wavelet transform domain are introduced respectively. Some recent developments have been introduced. Finally, some recent developments and further research are included.

Chapter 8 introduces super-resolution technology. After introducing the superresolution restoration based on a single image and the super-resolution reconstruction based on multiple images, the super-resolution technique based on learning and the reconstruction technique based on local constrained linear coding are introduced. Some recent developments have been introduced. Finally, some recent developments and further research are included.

## CS代写|图像处理作业代写Image Processing代考|Structure and Arrangement

The styles of the following chapters of this book are relatively consistent. At the beginning of each chapter, in addition to the introduction of the basic concepts and overall content, some application fields and occasions of the corresponding technologies are listed, which are reflected in the idea of application services; there is also an overview of each section to grasp the context of the whole chapter.

There are some similarities in the arrangement and structure of the body content of each chapter. Each chapter has multiple sections, which can be divided into the following three parts from beginning to end (corresponding to the three levels in Figure 1.14).

1. Principle and technology overview
The first section at the beginning of each chapter has the contents as in typical textbooks. It introduces the principle, history, use, method overview and development of the image technology. The goal is to give more comprehensive and basic information (a lot of examples and demonstrations can be found in Zhang (2011)), most of which come from professional textbooks (refer to (Zhang 2017a)).
2. Description of specific technical methods
The next few sections in the middle of each chapter have the contents combined from textbooks and monographs. They introduce several related typical technologies, which are described in detail in terms of methods. The goal is to give some ideas that can effectively and efficiently solve the problems faced by this type of image technology and provide solutions for practical applications. These sections can have a certain progressive relationship or a relatively independent parallel relationship. Many contents are mainly extracted from the literature in journals or conference papers. Most of them are followed up and researched, but they have not been written into professional textbooks or books.Introduction to recent developments and directions
3. The last section of each chapter is more research-oriented. It is based on the analysis and review of relevant new documents in some important journals or conference proceedings in recent years. The goal is to provide some of the latest relevant information on focusing techniques and to help understand the progress and trends in the corresponding technology.
4. The arrangement of the main text in sections of each chapter is shown in Table 1.5.
5. From the perspective of understanding the technical overview, one can only look at the sections of the principle introduction. If one wants to solve practical problems, one needs to learn some typical techniques. To master the technology more deeply, one can also refer to the recent progress/trends and look at more references.

## CS代写|图像处理作业代写Image Processing代考|Structure and Arrangement

1. 原理与技术概述
每章开头的第一节具有典型教科书的内容。介绍了图像技术的原理、历史、用途、方法概述和发展。目的是提供更全面和基础的信息（很多例子和演示可以在 Zhang (2011) 中找到），其中大部分来自专业教科书（参考（Zhang 2017a））。
2. 具体技术方法说明
每章中间的后面几节是结合教材和专着的内容。他们介绍了几种相关的典型技术，并从方法上进行了详细描述。目标是给出一些能够有效且高效地解决此类图像技术面临的问题的想法，并为实际应用提供解决方案。这些部分可以有一定的递进关系，也可以是相对独立的平行关系。许多内容主要是从期刊或会议论文中的文献中提取的。大部分都在跟进研究，但都没有写进专业的教科书或书籍。 近况及方向介绍
3. 每章的最后一节更注重研究。它是基于对近年来一些重要期刊或会议论文集中的相关新文件的分析和审查。目的是提供一些关于聚焦技术的最新相关信息，并帮助了解相应技术的进展和趋势。
4. 各章正文部分的安排如表1.5所示。
5. 从理解技术概述的角度来看，只能看原理介绍的章节。要想解决实际问题，就需要学习一些典型的技术。要更深入地掌握这项技术，还可以参考最近的进展/趋势并查看更多参考资料。

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## CS代写|图像处理作业代写Image Processing代考|COMP345

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写图像处理Image Processing方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写图像处理Image Processing代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写图像处理Image Processing相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## CS代写|图像处理作业代写Image Processing代考|Half-Tone Output Technology

General printing equipment can only directly output binary images. For example, the grayscale output of a laser printer has only two levels (either printing, outputting black; or not printing, outputting white). To output a grayscale image on a binary image output device and maintain its original grayscale level, a technique called half-tone output is often used.
Half-tone output technology can be regarded as a technology that converts grayscale images into binary images. It converts various gray scales in the intended output image into a binary point mode so that the grayscale image can be output by a printing device that can only directly output binary points. At the same time, it takes advantage of the integrated characteristics of the human eye, by controlling the form of the output binary point pattern (including number, size, shape, etc.) to give people a visual sense of multiple gray levels. In other words, the image output by the half-tone output technology is still a binary image at a very fine scale, but due to the spatial local averaging effect of the eyes, what is perceived is a grayscale image at a coarser scale. For example, in a binary image, the gray level of each pixel is only white or black, but from a certain distance, the unit perceived by the human eye is composed of multiple pixels, then the gray level perceived by the human eye is the average gray level of all pixels in this unit (proportional to the number of black pixels).

Half-tone output technology is mainly divided into two types: amplitude modulation (AM) technology and frequency modulation (FM) technology, which will be introduced separately below.

In the beginning, the half-tone output technology proposed and used displays of different gray levels by adjusting the size of the output black dots, which can be called amplitude modulation (AM) half-tone output technology. For example, the pictures in the early newspapers used ink dots of different sizes on the grid to represent the gray scale. When viewed from a certain distance, a group of small ink dots can produce a brighter gray scale visual effect, while a group of large ink dots can produce a darker gray scale visual effect. In practice, the size of ink dots is inversely proportional to the gray scale being represented, that is, the dots printed in the bright image region are small, and the dots printed in the dark image region are larger. When the ink dot is small enough and the observation distance is long enough, the human eye can obtain a relatively continuous and smooth gray-scale image according to

the integrated characteristics. In general, the resolution of pictures in newspapers is about 100 dots per inch (DPI), while the resolution of pictures in books or magazines is about 300 DPI.

In amplitude modulation, the binary points are regularly arranged. The size of these dots varies according to the gray scale to be represented, and the shape of the dots is not a decisive factor. For example, on a laser printer, it simulates different gray scales by controlling the proportion of ink coverage, and the shape of the ink dots is not strictly controlled. When the amplitude modulation technology is used, the effect of the output binary point mode not only depends on the size of each point but also depends on the size of the grid interval. The smaller the interval, the higher the output resolution. The interval size of the grid is limited by the resolution of the printer (measured in DPI).

A specific implementation method of half-tone output is to first subdivide the image output unit and combine the adjacent basic binary points to form the output unit so that each output unit contains several basic binary points. Let some basic binary points output black while other basic binary points output white to get different grayscale effects. In other words, to output different gray levels, a set of masks/templates needs to be established, and each mask corresponds to an output unit. Divide each mask into regular grids, and each grid corresponds to a basic binary point. By adjusting each basic binary point to black or white, each mask can output a different grayscale so as to achieve the purpose of outputting grayscale images.

If a mask is divided into $2 \times 2$ grids, five different gray levels can be output according to the way shown in Figure 1.7. If a mask is divided into $3 \times 3$ grids, ten different gray scales can be output according to the way shown in Figure 1.8. If a mask is divided into $4 \times 4$ grids, 17 different gray scales can be output according to the way shown in Figure 1.9. By analogy, if a mask is divided into $n \times n$ grids, then $n^2+1$ different gray levels can be output.
Because there are $C_k^n=n ! /(n-k) ! k !$ different methods for putting $k$ points into $n$ units, the arrangement of black points in these figures is not unique. Note that if a grid is black at a certain gray level, it will still be black in all outputs greater than that gray level.

Divide the mask into grids according to the above method, then to output 256 gray levels, a mask needs to be divided into $16 \times 16$ units, that is, $16 \times 16$ positions are used to represent one pixel. It can be seen that the spatial resolution of the output image will be greatly affected. It can be seen that the half-tone output technology is only worth using when the gray value output by the output device itself is limited, and it is a reduction in spatial resolution in exchange for an increase in amplitude resolution. Assuming that each pixel in a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be white or black, each pixel requires one bit. Regarding this $2 \times 2$ matrix as a half-tone output unit, this unit needs 4 bits and can output 5 gray scales ( 16 modes),which are $0 / 4,1 / 4,2 / 4,3 / 4$, and $4 / 4$ (or written as $0,1,2,3$, and 4). However, if a pixel is represented by four bits, the pixel can have 16 gray levels. From this point of view, when the half-tone output uses the same storage unit, if the number of output levels increases, the number of output units will decrease.

To maintain the sharpness of the details in the image, it is necessary to have more lines per inch; at the same time, to represent these details, it also needs to have more brightness levels. This requires the printer to be able to print a large number of very small dots. Dividing a template into $8 \times 8$ grids can print 65 gray scales. For printing at 125 lines per inch, this corresponds to $8 \times 125=1,000 \mathrm{dpi}$. In most applications, this is the lower limit of the printed image. Color printing requires smaller dots, and high-quality printing often requires $2,400-3,000$ dpi.

When outputting images on different media, the required resolutions are often different. For example, when an image is displayed on the screen, the number of rows per inch generally corresponds to the number of grids per inch. When displaying images in newspapers, a resolution of at least 85 lines per inch is often used; for magazines or books, a resolution of at least 133 lines or 175 lines per inch is often used.

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## CS代写|图像处理作业代写Image Processing代考|ELE454

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写图像处理Image Processing方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写图像处理Image Processing代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写图像处理Image Processing相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## CS代写|图像处理作业代写Image Processing代考|Images and Pixels

The objective world is three-dimensional (3-D) in space, but the image obtained from the objective scene is generally two-dimensional (2-D). An image can be represented by a 2-D array $f(x, y)$, where $x$ and $y$ represent the position of a coordinate point in the 2-D space $X Y$, and $f$ represents the image value of a property $F$ at a certain point $(x, y)$. For example, $f$ in a grayscale image represents a gray value, which often corresponds to the observed brightness of an objective scene. Text images are often binary images, and there are only two values for $f$, corresponding to text and blank space, respectively. The image at the point $(x, y)$ can also have multiple properties at the same time. In this case, it can be represented by a vector $f$. For example, a color image has three values of red, green, and blue at each image point, which can be recorded as $\left[f_r(x, y), f_g(x, y), f_b(x, y)\right]$. It needs to be pointed out that people always use images according to the different properties at different positions in the image.

An image can represent the spatial distribution of radiant energy. This distribution can be a function of five variables $T(x, y, z, t, \lambda)$, where $x, y$, and $z$ are spatial variables,

and $t$ represents time variables, $\lambda$ is wavelength (corresponding to the spectral variable). For example, a red object reflects light with a wavelength of $0.57-0.78 \mu \mathrm{m}$ and absorbs almost all energy of other wavelengths; a green object reflects light with a wavelength of $0.48-0.57 \mu \mathrm{m}$; a blue object reflects light with a wavelength of $0.40-0.48 \mu \mathrm{m}$. Ultraviolet (color) objects reflect light with a wavelength of $0.25-0.40 \mu \mathrm{m}$, and infrared (color) objects reflect light with a wavelength of $0.78-1.5 \mu \mathrm{m}$. Together, they cover a wavelength range of $0.25-1.5 \mu \mathrm{m}$. Since the actual image is finite in time and space, $T(x, y, z, t, \lambda)$ is a 5-D finite function.

The images acquired in the early years are mostly continuous (analog), that is, the values of $f, x$, and $y$ can be any real numbers. With the invention of the computer and the development of electronic equipment, the acquired images are all discrete (digital) and can be processed directly by the computer. Someone once used $I(r, c)$ to represent a digital image, where the values of $I, r$, and $c$ are all integers. Here $I$ represents the discretized $f ;(r, c)$ represents the discretized $(x, y)$, where $r$ represents the image row, and $c$ represents the image column. The discussion in this book is related to digital images. Images or $f(x, y)$ are used to represent digital images without causing confusion. Unless otherwise specified, $f, x$, and $y$ are all taken their values in the integer set.

In the early days, the term “picture” was generally used to refer to images. With the development of digital technology, the term “image” is now used to represent a discretized “image” because “computers store numerical images of a picture or scene” (Zhang 1996). Each basic unit in an image is called an image element, and in the early days, when the “picture” was used to represent an image, it was called a pixel. For 2-D images, “pel” has also been used to refer to the basic unit. If one collects a series of 2-D images or uses some special equipment, one can also get 3-D images. For 3-D images, voxel is often used to represent the basic unit. Someone has also suggested to use “imel” to represent various image units.

## CS代写|图像处理作业代写Image Processing代考|Spatial Resolution and Amplitude Resolution

From the above introduction and discussion of image representation and display, it can be known that the content of a 2-D grayscale image is determined by the number of pixels (the number of rows of the image multiplied by the number of columns of the image) and by the number of gray levels for each pixel. The former determines the spatial resolution of the image, while the latter determines the amplitude resolution of the image. From the perspective of image acquisition, the acquisition of images is to record the spatial distribution of the light reflection intensity of the scene within a certain field of view. The accuracy in the spatial field of view here corresponds to the spatial resolution of the image, and the accuracy in the intensity range corresponds to the amplitude resolution of the image. The former corresponds to the number of digitized spatial sampling points while the latter corresponds to the quantization levels of the sampling point value (for grayscale images, it refers to gray levels; for depth images, it refers to depth levels). They are all important performance indicators of image acquisition devices.

The spatial resolution and amplitude resolution of the image are determined by sampling and quantization, respectively. Taking a typical CCD camera as an example, the spatial resolution of the image is mainly determined by the size and arrangement of the photoelectric sensing units in the image acquisition matrix in the camera, and the amplitude resolution of the grayscale image is mainly determined by the number of stages in the quantization of the electrical signal intensity. As shown in Figure 1.3, the signal radiated from the photoreceptive unit in the image acquisition matrix is sampled in space and quantized in intensity.

The sampling process can be seen as dividing the image plane into regular grids. The position of each grid is determined by a pair of Cartesian coordinates $(x, y)$, where $x$ and $y$ are integers. Let $f(\cdot)$ be a function that assigns gray values to the grid point $(x, y)$, where $f$ is an integer in $F$, then $f(x, y)$ is a digital image, and this assignment process is a quantization process.

From the perspective of computer processing of images, an image must be discretized in space and gray level before it can be processed by the computer. The discretization of spatial coordinates is called spatial sampling (abbreviated as sampling), which determines the spatial resolution of the image; the discretization of gray values is called grayscale quantization (abbreviated as quantization), which determines the amplitude resolution of the image.

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## CS代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|EDS240

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写数据可视化Data visualization方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写数据可视化Data visualization代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写数据可视化Data visualization相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## CS代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|Human Resource Management

Human resource management (HRM) is the part of an organization that focuses on an organization’s recruitment, training, and retention of employees. With the increased use of analytics in business, HRM has become much more data-driven. Indeed, HRM is sometimes now referred to as “people analytics.” HRM professionals use data and analytical models to form high-performing teams, monitor productivity and employee performance, and ensure diversity of the workforce. Data visualization is an important component of HRM, as HRM professionals use data dashboards to monitor relevant data supporting their goal of having a high-performing workforce.
A key interest of HRM professionals is employee churn, or turnover in an organization’s workforce. When employees leave and others are hired, there is often a loss of productivity as positions go unfilled. Also, new employees typically have a training period and then must gain experience, which means employees will not be fully productive at the beginning of their tenure with the company. Figure $1.8$, a stacked column chart, is an example of a visual display of employee turnover. It shows gains and losses of employees by month. A stacked column chart is a column chart that shows part-to-whole comparisons, either over time or across categories. Different colors or shades of color are used to denote the different parts of the whole within a column. In Figure 1.8, gains in employees (new hires) are represented by positive numbers in darker blue and losses (people leaving the company) are presented as negative numbers and lighter blue bars. We see that January and July-October are the months during which the greatest numbers of employees left the company, and the months with the highest numbers of new hires are April through June.Visualizations like Figure $1.8$ can be helpful in better understanding and managing workforce fluctuations.

## CS代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|Marketing

Marketing is one of the most popular application areas of analytics. Analytics lis used for optimal pricing, markdown pricing for seasonal goods, and optimal allocation of marketing budget. Sentiment analysis using text data such as tweets, social networks to determine influence, and website analytics for understanding website traffic and sales, are just a few examples of how data visualization can be used to support more effective marketing.
Let us consider a software company’s website effectiveness. Figure $1.9$ shows a funnel chart of the conversion of website visitors to subscribers and then to renewal customers. A funnel chart is a chart that shows the progression of a numerical variable for various categories from larger to smaller values. In Figure 1.9, at the top of the funnel, we track $100 \%$ of the first-time visitors to the website over some period of time, for example, a six-month period. The funnel chart shows that of those original visitors, $74 \%$ return to the website one or more times after their initial visit. Sixty-one percent of the first-time visitors downloaded a 30-day trial version of the software, $47 \%$ eventually contacted support services, $28 \%$ purchased a one-year subscription to the software, and $17 \%$ eventually renewed their subscription. This type of funnel chart can be used to compare the conversion effectiveness of different website configurations, the use of bots, or changes in support services.

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## CS代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|INF552

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写数据可视化Data visualization方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写数据可视化Data visualization代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写数据可视化Data visualization相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## CS代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|Big Data

There is no universally accepted definition of big data. However, probably the most general definition of big data is any set of data that is too large or too complex to be handled by standard data-processing techniques using a typical desktop computer. People refer to the four $\mathrm{Vs}$ of big data:

• volume-the amount of data generated
• velocity-the speed at which the data are generated
• variety-the diversity in types and structures of data generated
• veracity-the reliability of the data generated
Volume and velocity can pose a challenge for processing analytics, including data visualization. Special data management software such as Hadoop and higher capacity hardware (increased server or cloud computing) may be required. The variety of the data is handled by converting video, voice, and text data to numerical data, to which we can then apply standard data visualization techniques.
In summary, the type of data you have will influence the type of graph you should use to convey your message. The zoo attendance data in Figure $1.1$ are time series data. We used a column chart in Figure $1.1$ because the numbers are the total attendance for each month, and we wanted to compare the attendance by month. The height of the columns allows us to easily compare attendance by month. Contrast Figure $1.1$ with Figure 1.4, which is also time series data. Here we have the value of the Dow Jones Index. These data are a snapshot of the current value of the DJI on the first trading day of each month. They provide what is essentially a time path of the value, and so we use a line graph to emphasize the continuity of time.

## CS代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|Data Visualization in Practice

Data visualization is used to explore and explain data and to guide decision making in all areas of business and science. Even the most analytically advanced companies such as Google, Uber, and Amazon rely heavily on data visualization. Consumer goods giant Procter \& Gamble (P\&G), the maker of household brands such as Tide, Pampers, Crest, and Swiffer, has invested heavily in analytics, including data visualization. P\&G has built what it calls the Business Sphere ${ }^{\mathrm{TM}}$ in more than 50 of its sites around the world. The Business Sphere is a conference room with technology for displaying data visualizations on its walls. The Business Sphere displays data and information P\&G executives and managers can use to make better-informed decisions. Let us briefly discuss some ways in which the functional areas of business, engineering, science, and sports use data visualization.

Accounting is a data-driven profession. Accountants prepare financial statements and examine financial statements for accuracy and conformance to legal regulations and best practices, including reporting required for tax purposes. Data visualization is a part of every accountant’s tool kit. Data visualization is used to detect outliers that could be an indication of a data error or fraud. As an example of data visualization in accounting, let us consider Benford’s Law.
Benfords Law, also known as the First-Digit Law, gives the expected probability that the first digit of a reported number takes on the values one through nine, based on many real-life numerical data sets such as company expense accounts. A column chart displaying Benford’s Law is shown in Figure 1.5. We have rounded the probabilities to four digits. We see, for example, that the probability of the first digit being a 1 is $0.3010$. The probability of the first digit being a 2 is $0.1761$, and so forth.

Benford’s Law can be used to detect fraud. If the first digits of numbers in a data set do not conform to Bedford’s Law, then further investigation of fraud may be warranted. Consider the accounts payable (money owed the company) for Tucker Software. Figure $1.6$ is a clustered column chart (also known as a side-by-side column chart). A clustered column chart is a column chart that shows multiple variables of interest on the same chart, with the different variables usually denoted by different colors or shades of a color. In Figure 1.6, the two variables are Benford’s Law probability and the first digit data for a random sample of 500 of Tucker’s accounts payable entries. The frequency of occurrence in the data is used to estimate the probability of the first digit for all of Tucker’s accounts payable entries. It appears that there are an inordinate number of first digits of 5 and 9 and a lower than expected number of first digits of 1 . These might warrant further investigation by Tucker’s auditors.

## CS代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|Big Data

• volume——产生的数据量
• 速度——生成数据的速度
• 多样性——生成的数据类型和结构的多样性
• 准确性——生成的数据的可靠性
总之，您拥有的数据类型将影响您应该用来传达信息的图表类型。动物园出勤数据如图1.1是时间序列数据。我们在图中使用了柱形图1.1因为这些数字是每个月的总出勤率，我们想按月比较出勤率。列的高度使我们可以轻松地按月比较出勤率。对比图1.1图 1.4 也是时间序列数据。这里我们有道琼斯指数的价值。这些数据是每个月第一个交易日 DJI 当前价值的快照。它们提供了本质上是价值的时间路径，因此我们使用折线图来强调时间的连续性。

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## CS代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|BINF7003

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写数据可视化Data visualization方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写数据可视化Data visualization代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写数据可视化Data visualization相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## CS代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|Data Visualization for Exploration

Data visualization is a powerful tool for exploring data to more easily identify patterns, recognize anomalies or irregularities in the data, and better understand the relationships between variables. Our ability to spot these types of characteristics of data is much stronger and quicker when we look at a visual display of the data rather than a simple listing.
As an example of data visualization for exploration, let us consider the zoo attendance data shown in Table $1.1$ and Figure 1.1. These data on monthly attendance to a zoo can be found in the file Zoo. Comparing Table $1.1$ and Figure 1.1, observe that the pattern in the data is more detectable in the column chart of Figure $1.1$ than in a table of numbers. A column chart shows numerical data by the height of the column for a variety of categories or time periods. In the case of Figure 1.1, the time periods are the different months of the year.

Our intuition and experience tells us that we would expect zoo attendance to be highest in the summer months when many school-aged children are out of school for summer break. Figure $1.1$ confirms this, as the attendance at the zoo is highest in the summer months of June, July, and August. Furthermore, we see that attendance increases gradually each month from February through May as the average temperature increases, and attendance gradually decreases each month from September through November as the average temperature decreases. But why does the zoo attendance in December and January not follow these patterns? It turns out that the zoo has an event known as the “Festival of Lights” that runs from the end of November through early January. Children are out of school during the last half of December and early January for the holiday season, and this leads to increased attendance in the evenings at the zoo despite the colder winter temperatures.
Visual data exploration is an important part of descriptive analytics. Data visualization can also be used directly to monitor key performance metrics, that is, measure how an organization is performing relative to its goals. A data dashboard is a data visualization tool that gives multiple outputs and may update in real time. Just as the dashboard in your car measures the speed, engine temperature, and other important performance data as you drive, corporate data dashboards measure performance metrics such as sales, inventory levels, and service levels relative to the goals set by the company. These data dashboards alert management when performances deviate from goals so that corrective actions can be taken.
Visual data exploration is also critical for ensuring that model assumptions hold in predictive and prescriptive analytics. Understanding the data before using that data in modeling builds trust and can be important in determining and explaining which type of model is appropriate.

## CS代写|数据可视化代写Data visualization代考|Data Visualization for Explanation

Data visualization is also important for explaining relationships found in data and for explaining the results of predictive and prescriptive models. More generally, data visualization is helpful in communicating with your audience and ensuring that your audience understands and focuses on your intended message.

Let us consider the article, “Check Out the Culture Before a New Job,” which appeared in The Wall Street Journal. ${ }^3$ The article discusses the importance of finding a good cultural fit when seeking a new job. Difficulty in understanding a corporate culture or misalignment with that culture can lead to job dissatisfaction. Figure $1.3$ is a re-creation of a bar chart that appeared in this article. A bar chart shows a summary of categorical data using the length of horizontal bars to display the magnitude of a quantitative variable.

The chart shown in Figure $1.3$ shows the percentage of the 10,002 survey respondents who listed a factor as the most important in seeking a job. Notice that our attention is drawn to the dark blue bar, which is “Company culture” (the focus of the article). We immediately see that only “Salary and bonus” is more frequently cited than “Company culture.” When you first glance at the chart, the message that is communicated is that corporate culture is the second most important factor cited by job seekers. And as a reader, based on that message, you then decide whether the article is worth reading.

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

## cs代写|复杂网络代写complex network代考|TSKS33

statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写复杂网络complex network方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写复杂网络complex network代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写复杂网络complex network相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## cs代写|复杂网络代写complex network代考|EXTENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF CNSS

In the above sections, we have surveyed some recent developments in the analysis and synthesis of CNSs with switching topologies, mainly focusing on the synchronization and consensus behaviors and comparison to complex networks and MASs’ scenarios. The above survey is by no means complete. However, it depicts the whole general framework of coordination control for CNSs with dynamic communication networks and lays the fundamental basis for other exciting and yet critical issues concerning CNSs with switching topologies. These extensions still deserve further study, although a variety of efficient tools have been successfully developed to solve various challenging problems in those active research fields. Next, we elaborate on several state-of-the-art extensions and applications of CNSs with dynamic topologies.

Resilience analysis and control of complex cyber-physical networks. Most of the units in various network infrastructures are cyber-physical systems in the Internet of Things era. One of the essential and significant features of the cyber-physical system is integrating and interacting with its physical and cyber layers. As a new generation of CNS, the complex cyber-physical network has received drastic attention in recent years. Specifically, the CNSs’ paradigm provides an excellent way to model various large-scale crucial infrastructure systems, such as power grid systems, transportation systems, water supply networks, and many others [4]. These systems all capture the basic features that large numbers of interconnected individuals through wired or wireless communication links, and many essential functions of these large-scale infrastructure systems fall under the purview of coordination of CNSs. Disruption of these critical networked infrastructures could be a real-world effect across an entire country and even further, significantly impacting public health and safety and leading to massive economic losses. The alarming historical events urgently remind us to seek solutions for maintaining certain functionality of CNSs against malicious cyberattacks (i.e., resilience or cybersecurity). It is critically essential to exploit security threats during the initial design and development phase.

## cs代写|复杂网络代写complex network代考|ALGEBRAIC GRAPH THEORY

Suppose a CNS consists of $N$ nodes (agents) which interact with each other through a communication or sensing network or a combination of both. It is natural to model the interactions among the $N$ nodes (agents) by undirected or directed graphs. Without loss generality, the $N$ nodes can be labeled as node $1, \ldots, N$. Let $\mathcal{V}={1, \cdots, N}$ be the set of nodes. Then the directed graph is described by $(\mathcal{V}, \mathcal{E})$, where the set of edges $\mathcal{E} \subseteq \mathcal{V} \times \mathcal{V}$ represent the interactions among the $N$ nodes. For notational simplicity, the graph $(\mathcal{V}, \mathcal{E})$ is denoted by $\mathcal{G}$. The edge $(j, i) \in \mathcal{E}$ if and only if node $i$ can receive the information from node $j$. When $(j, i) \in \mathcal{E}$, node $j$ is said to be a neighbor of node $i$. Denote by $\mathcal{N}i$ the set of neighbors of node $i$. If there exists a sequence of distinct nodes $i_1, \ldots, i_m$ such that $\left(i, i_1\right),\left(i_1, i_2\right), \ldots,\left(i{m-1}, i_m\right),\left(i_m, k\right) \in \mathcal{E}$, then it is said that node $i$ has a directed path to node $k$, or node $k$ is reachable from node $i . \mathcal{G}$ is strongly connected if each node has at least one directed path to any other nodes. More generally, if there exists a node, called the root, which has at least one directed path to any other nodes, $\mathcal{G}$ is said to contain a directed spanning tree. Denote by $a_{i j}$ the weight of the edge $(j, i), i, j=1, \ldots, N$. It is assumed throughout this book that $a_{i j} \geq 0$, where $a_{i j}>0$ if and only if $(j, i) \in \mathcal{E}$, and $a_{i j}=0$, otherwise. In addition, it is assumed in this book that $a_{i i}=0$, that is, self-loop is forbidden. $\mathcal{G}$ is called an undirected graph if $(i, j) \in \mathcal{E}$ whenever $(j, i) \in \mathcal{E}$ and $a_{i j}=a_{j i}$. An undirected graph is connected if there exists at least one undirected path between each pair of distinct nodes. For undirected graphs, the existence of an undirected spanning tree is equivalent to being connected. However, for directed graphs, the existence of a directed spanning tree is a weaker condition than being strongly connected. Please see Figure $2.1$ for a directed graph which is not strongly connected but contains a directed spanning tree.

## 有限元方法代写

tatistics-lab作为专业的留学生服务机构，多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务，包括但不限于Essay代写，Assignment代写，Dissertation代写，Report代写，小组作业代写，Proposal代写，Paper代写，Presentation代写，计算机作业代写，论文修改和润色，网课代做，exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中，本科，研究生等海外留学全阶段，辐射金融，经济学，会计学，审计学，管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者，也有海外名校硕博留学生，每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力，专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创，100%专业，100%准时，100%满意。

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。